[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1300},["ShallowReactive",2],{"verbo-dar-en":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":1267,"extension":1268,"meta":1269,"navigation":1295,"path":1296,"seo":1297,"stem":1298,"__hash__":1299},"content/verbos/dar/en.md","Dar Conjugation: All Spanish Tenses",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1240},"minimark",[9,91,106,772,1065,1201,1235],[10,11,12,13,12,51],"section",{},"\n  ",[14,15,16,17,21,22,25,26,30,31,34,35,38,39,42,43,46,47,50],"p",{},"\n    ",[18,19,20],"strong",{},"Dar"," (to give) is one of the most frequent verbs in Spanish and it is\n    ",[18,23,24],{},"irregular",": the present yo form is ",[27,28,29],"em",{},"doy",", the preterite follows\n    the ",[18,32,33],{},"-er/-ir"," pattern (",[27,36,37],{},"di",", ",[27,40,41],{},"dio"," - written without accents,\n    a very common mistake), and the present subjunctive ",[27,44,45],{},"dé"," carries a diacritic accent\n    to distinguish it from the preposition ",[27,48,49],{},"de",".\n  ",[52,53,16,54,12],"div",{},[55,56,57,58,57,76,16],"table",{},"\n      ",[59,60,61,62,57],"thead",{},"\n        ",[63,64,65,66,65,70,65,73,61],"tr",{},"\n          ",[67,68,69],"th",{},"Infinitive",[67,71,72],{},"Gerund",[67,74,75],{},"Participle",[77,78,61,79,57],"tbody",{},[63,80,65,81,65,85,65,88,61],{},[82,83,84],"td",{},"dar",[82,86,87],{},"dando",[82,89,90],{},"dado",[14,92,93],{},[94,95,105],"a",{"href":96,"className":97},"/dashboard",[98,99,100,101,102,103,104],"btn","btn-primary","btn-lg","px-4","py-2","d-inline-block","mb-4","Practice dar",[10,107,12,108,12,113,12,118,12,125,12,188,12,194,12,198,12,205,12,259,12,265,12,269,12,276,12,332,12,338,12,342,12,349,12,404,12,410,12,414,12,421,12,476,12,482,12,486,12,493,12,549,12,555,12,559,12,566,12,622,12,628,12,632,12,639,12,694,12,700,12,704,12,711,12,766],{},[109,110,112],"h2",{"id":111},"indicative-tenses-of-dar","Indicative Tenses of Dar",[114,115,117],"h3",{"id":116},"dar-in-the-present-presente","Dar in the Present (Presente)",[14,119,120,121,124],{},"Habits, current facts and general truths: ",[27,122,123],{},"Cada mañana doy un paseo por el parque"," (Every morning I take a walk in the park).",[52,126,16,127,12],{},[55,128,57,129,57,139,16],{},[59,130,61,131,57],{},[63,132,133,136],{},[67,134,135],{},"Person",[67,137,138],{},"Form",[77,140,61,141,61,148,61,156,61,164,61,172,61,180,57],{},[63,142,143,146],{},[82,144,145],{},"yo",[82,147,29],{},[63,149,150,153],{},[82,151,152],{},"tú",[82,154,155],{},"das",[63,157,158,161],{},[82,159,160],{},"él / ella / usted",[82,162,163],{},"da",[63,165,166,169],{},[82,167,168],{},"nosotros / nosotras",[82,170,171],{},"damos",[63,173,174,177],{},[82,175,176],{},"vosotros / vosotras",[82,178,179],{},"dais",[63,181,182,185],{},[82,183,184],{},"ellos / ellas / ustedes",[82,186,187],{},"dan",[14,189,190],{},[94,191,193],{"href":192},"/en/presente-present","Present tense rules →",[114,195,197],{"id":196},"dar-in-the-preterite-pretérito-indefinido","Dar in the Preterite (Pretérito indefinido)",[14,199,200,201,204],{},"Completed actions at a specific moment in the past: ",[27,202,203],{},"Ayer le di las gracias a mi profesor"," (Yesterday I thanked my teacher).",[52,206,16,207,12],{},[55,208,57,209,57,217,16],{},[59,210,61,211,57],{},[63,212,213,215],{},[67,214,135],{},[67,216,138],{},[77,218,61,219,61,225,61,232,61,238,61,245,61,252,57],{},[63,220,221,223],{},[82,222,145],{},[82,224,37],{},[63,226,227,229],{},[82,228,152],{},[82,230,231],{},"diste",[63,233,234,236],{},[82,235,160],{},[82,237,41],{},[63,239,240,242],{},[82,241,168],{},[82,243,244],{},"dimos",[63,246,247,249],{},[82,248,176],{},[82,250,251],{},"disteis",[63,253,254,256],{},[82,255,184],{},[82,257,258],{},"dieron",[14,260,261],{},[94,262,264],{"href":263},"/en/indefinido-past","Preterite rules →",[114,266,268],{"id":267},"dar-in-the-present-perfect-pretérito-perfecto","Dar in the Present Perfect (Pretérito perfecto)",[14,270,271,272,275],{},"Past connected to the present: ",[27,273,274],{},"Esta semana he dado dos clases de yoga"," (This week I have given two yoga classes).",[52,277,16,278,12],{},[55,279,57,280,57,288,16],{},[59,281,61,282,57],{},[63,283,284,286],{},[67,285,135],{},[67,287,138],{},[77,289,61,290,61,297,61,304,61,311,61,318,61,325,57],{},[63,291,292,294],{},[82,293,145],{},[82,295,296],{},"he dado",[63,298,299,301],{},[82,300,152],{},[82,302,303],{},"has dado",[63,305,306,308],{},[82,307,160],{},[82,309,310],{},"ha dado",[63,312,313,315],{},[82,314,168],{},[82,316,317],{},"hemos dado",[63,319,320,322],{},[82,321,176],{},[82,323,324],{},"habéis dado",[63,326,327,329],{},[82,328,184],{},[82,330,331],{},"han dado",[14,333,334],{},[94,335,337],{"href":336},"/en/perfecto-present-perfect","Present perfect rules →",[114,339,341],{"id":340},"dar-in-the-imperfect-pretérito-imperfecto","Dar in the Imperfect (Pretérito imperfecto)",[14,343,344,345,348],{},"Habitual or ongoing actions in the past: ",[27,346,347],{},"De pequeño, mi abuela me daba dinero los domingos"," (As a child, my grandmother used to give me money on Sundays).",[52,350,16,351,12],{},[55,352,57,353,57,361,16],{},[59,354,61,355,57],{},[63,356,357,359],{},[67,358,135],{},[67,360,138],{},[77,362,61,363,61,370,61,377,61,383,61,390,61,397,57],{},[63,364,365,367],{},[82,366,145],{},[82,368,369],{},"daba",[63,371,372,374],{},[82,373,152],{},[82,375,376],{},"dabas",[63,378,379,381],{},[82,380,160],{},[82,382,369],{},[63,384,385,387],{},[82,386,168],{},[82,388,389],{},"dábamos",[63,391,392,394],{},[82,393,176],{},[82,395,396],{},"dabais",[63,398,399,401],{},[82,400,184],{},[82,402,403],{},"daban",[14,405,406],{},[94,407,409],{"href":408},"/en/imperfecto-imperfect","Imperfect rules →",[114,411,413],{"id":412},"dar-in-the-past-perfect-pluscuamperfecto","Dar in the Past Perfect (Pluscuamperfecto)",[14,415,416,417,420],{},"An action before another past action: ",[27,418,419],{},"Cuando llegaste, ya habíamos dado la noticia a todos"," (When you arrived, we had already given everyone the news).",[52,422,16,423,12],{},[55,424,57,425,57,433,16],{},[59,426,61,427,57],{},[63,428,429,431],{},[67,430,135],{},[67,432,138],{},[77,434,61,435,61,442,61,449,61,455,61,462,61,469,57],{},[63,436,437,439],{},[82,438,145],{},[82,440,441],{},"había dado",[63,443,444,446],{},[82,445,152],{},[82,447,448],{},"habías dado",[63,450,451,453],{},[82,452,160],{},[82,454,441],{},[63,456,457,459],{},[82,458,168],{},[82,460,461],{},"habíamos dado",[63,463,464,466],{},[82,465,176],{},[82,467,468],{},"habíais dado",[63,470,471,473],{},[82,472,184],{},[82,474,475],{},"habían dado",[14,477,478],{},[94,479,481],{"href":480},"/en/pluscuamperfecto-past-perfect","Past perfect rules →",[114,483,485],{"id":484},"dar-in-the-future-futuro-simple","Dar in the Future (Futuro simple)",[14,487,488,489,492],{},"Plans and predictions: ",[27,490,491],{},"Mañana te daré una respuesta definitiva"," (Tomorrow I will give you a definite answer).",[52,494,16,495,12],{},[55,496,57,497,57,505,16],{},[59,498,61,499,57],{},[63,500,501,503],{},[67,502,135],{},[67,504,138],{},[77,506,61,507,61,514,61,521,61,528,61,535,61,542,57],{},[63,508,509,511],{},[82,510,145],{},[82,512,513],{},"daré",[63,515,516,518],{},[82,517,152],{},[82,519,520],{},"darás",[63,522,523,525],{},[82,524,160],{},[82,526,527],{},"dará",[63,529,530,532],{},[82,531,168],{},[82,533,534],{},"daremos",[63,536,537,539],{},[82,538,176],{},[82,540,541],{},"daréis",[63,543,544,546],{},[82,545,184],{},[82,547,548],{},"darán",[14,550,551],{},[94,552,554],{"href":553},"/en/futuro-simple-future","Future tense rules →",[114,556,558],{"id":557},"dar-in-the-future-perfect-futuro-perfecto","Dar in the Future Perfect (Futuro perfecto)",[14,560,561,562,565],{},"An action that will be completed in the future: ",[27,563,564],{},"Para el sábado ya le habremos dado el regalo a Marta"," (By Saturday we will have already given Marta her present).",[52,567,16,568,12],{},[55,569,57,570,57,578,16],{},[59,571,61,572,57],{},[63,573,574,576],{},[67,575,135],{},[67,577,138],{},[77,579,61,580,61,587,61,594,61,601,61,608,61,615,57],{},[63,581,582,584],{},[82,583,145],{},[82,585,586],{},"habré dado",[63,588,589,591],{},[82,590,152],{},[82,592,593],{},"habrás dado",[63,595,596,598],{},[82,597,160],{},[82,599,600],{},"habrá dado",[63,602,603,605],{},[82,604,168],{},[82,606,607],{},"habremos dado",[63,609,610,612],{},[82,611,176],{},[82,613,614],{},"habréis dado",[63,616,617,619],{},[82,618,184],{},[82,620,621],{},"habrán dado",[14,623,624],{},[94,625,627],{"href":626},"/en/futuro-perfecto-future-perfect","Future perfect rules →",[114,629,631],{"id":630},"dar-in-the-conditional-condicional-simple","Dar in the Conditional (Condicional simple)",[14,633,634,635,638],{},"Advice and hypothetical situations: ",[27,636,637],{},"Yo le daría otra oportunidad"," (I would give him another chance).",[52,640,16,641,12],{},[55,642,57,643,57,651,16],{},[59,644,61,645,57],{},[63,646,647,649],{},[67,648,135],{},[67,650,138],{},[77,652,61,653,61,660,61,667,61,673,61,680,61,687,57],{},[63,654,655,657],{},[82,656,145],{},[82,658,659],{},"daría",[63,661,662,664],{},[82,663,152],{},[82,665,666],{},"darías",[63,668,669,671],{},[82,670,160],{},[82,672,659],{},[63,674,675,677],{},[82,676,168],{},[82,678,679],{},"daríamos",[63,681,682,684],{},[82,683,176],{},[82,685,686],{},"daríais",[63,688,689,691],{},[82,690,184],{},[82,692,693],{},"darían",[14,695,696],{},[94,697,699],{"href":698},"/en/condicional-simple-conditional","Conditional rules →",[114,701,703],{"id":702},"dar-in-the-conditional-perfect-condicional-compuesto","Dar in the Conditional Perfect (Condicional compuesto)",[14,705,706,707,710],{},"Hypotheses about the past: ",[27,708,709],{},"Te habría dado las llaves, pero no las encontré"," (I would have given you the keys, but I didn't find them).",[52,712,16,713,12],{},[55,714,57,715,57,723,16],{},[59,716,61,717,57],{},[63,718,719,721],{},[67,720,135],{},[67,722,138],{},[77,724,61,725,61,732,61,739,61,745,61,752,61,759,57],{},[63,726,727,729],{},[82,728,145],{},[82,730,731],{},"habría dado",[63,733,734,736],{},[82,735,152],{},[82,737,738],{},"habrías dado",[63,740,741,743],{},[82,742,160],{},[82,744,731],{},[63,746,747,749],{},[82,748,168],{},[82,750,751],{},"habríamos dado",[63,753,754,756],{},[82,755,176],{},[82,757,758],{},"habríais dado",[63,760,761,763],{},[82,762,184],{},[82,764,765],{},"habrían dado",[14,767,768],{},[94,769,771],{"href":770},"/en/condicional-compuesto-conditional-perfect","Conditional perfect rules →",[10,773,12,774,12,778,12,782,12,789,12,843,12,849,12,853,12,860,12,915,12,921,12,925,12,932,12,987,12,993,12,997,12,1004,12,1059],{},[109,775,777],{"id":776},"subjunctive-tenses-of-dar","Subjunctive Tenses of Dar",[114,779,781],{"id":780},"present-subjunctive-of-dar-presente-de-subjuntivo","Present Subjunctive of Dar (Presente de subjuntivo)",[14,783,784,785,788],{},"Wishes, doubts and emotions: ",[27,786,787],{},"Espero que el médico me dé buenas noticias"," (I hope the doctor gives me good news).",[52,790,16,791,12],{},[55,792,57,793,57,801,16],{},[59,794,61,795,57],{},[63,796,797,799],{},[67,798,135],{},[67,800,138],{},[77,802,61,803,61,809,61,816,61,822,61,829,61,836,57],{},[63,804,805,807],{},[82,806,145],{},[82,808,45],{},[63,810,811,813],{},[82,812,152],{},[82,814,815],{},"des",[63,817,818,820],{},[82,819,160],{},[82,821,45],{},[63,823,824,826],{},[82,825,168],{},[82,827,828],{},"demos",[63,830,831,833],{},[82,832,176],{},[82,834,835],{},"deis",[63,837,838,840],{},[82,839,184],{},[82,841,842],{},"den",[14,844,845],{},[94,846,848],{"href":847},"/en/subjuntivo-presente-subjunctive","Present subjunctive rules →",[114,850,852],{"id":851},"present-perfect-subjunctive-of-dar-pretérito-perfecto-de-subjuntivo","Present Perfect Subjunctive of Dar (Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)",[14,854,855,856,859],{},"Evaluating a recent past action: ",[27,857,858],{},"Me alegro de que hayas dado ese paso"," (I'm glad you have taken that step).",[52,861,16,862,12],{},[55,863,57,864,57,872,16],{},[59,865,61,866,57],{},[63,867,868,870],{},[67,869,135],{},[67,871,138],{},[77,873,61,874,61,881,61,888,61,894,61,901,61,908,57],{},[63,875,876,878],{},[82,877,145],{},[82,879,880],{},"haya dado",[63,882,883,885],{},[82,884,152],{},[82,886,887],{},"hayas dado",[63,889,890,892],{},[82,891,160],{},[82,893,880],{},[63,895,896,898],{},[82,897,168],{},[82,899,900],{},"hayamos dado",[63,902,903,905],{},[82,904,176],{},[82,906,907],{},"hayáis dado",[63,909,910,912],{},[82,911,184],{},[82,913,914],{},"hayan dado",[14,916,917],{},[94,918,920],{"href":919},"/en/perfecto-subjuntivo-perfect-subjunctive","Perfect subjunctive rules →",[114,922,924],{"id":923},"imperfect-subjunctive-of-dar-pretérito-imperfecto-de-subjuntivo","Imperfect Subjunctive of Dar (Pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo)",[14,926,927,928,931],{},"Hypothetical conditions: ",[27,929,930],{},"Si me dieran más tiempo, terminaría el proyecto"," (If they gave me more time, I would finish the project).",[52,933,16,934,12],{},[55,935,57,936,57,944,16],{},[59,937,61,938,57],{},[63,939,940,942],{},[67,941,135],{},[67,943,138],{},[77,945,61,946,61,953,61,960,61,966,61,973,61,980,57],{},[63,947,948,950],{},[82,949,145],{},[82,951,952],{},"diera",[63,954,955,957],{},[82,956,152],{},[82,958,959],{},"dieras",[63,961,962,964],{},[82,963,160],{},[82,965,952],{},[63,967,968,970],{},[82,969,168],{},[82,971,972],{},"diéramos",[63,974,975,977],{},[82,976,176],{},[82,978,979],{},"dierais",[63,981,982,984],{},[82,983,184],{},[82,985,986],{},"dieran",[14,988,989],{},[94,990,992],{"href":991},"/en/imperfect-subjunctive","Imperfect subjunctive rules →",[114,994,996],{"id":995},"past-perfect-subjunctive-of-dar-pluscuamperfecto-de-subjuntivo","Past Perfect Subjunctive of Dar (Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo)",[14,998,999,1000,1003],{},"Unreal hypotheses about the past: ",[27,1001,1002],{},"Si me hubieras dado tu dirección, te habría enviado la invitación"," (If you had given me your address, I would have sent you the invitation).",[52,1005,16,1006,12],{},[55,1007,57,1008,57,1016,16],{},[59,1009,61,1010,57],{},[63,1011,1012,1014],{},[67,1013,135],{},[67,1015,138],{},[77,1017,61,1018,61,1025,61,1032,61,1038,61,1045,61,1052,57],{},[63,1019,1020,1022],{},[82,1021,145],{},[82,1023,1024],{},"hubiera dado",[63,1026,1027,1029],{},[82,1028,152],{},[82,1030,1031],{},"hubieras dado",[63,1033,1034,1036],{},[82,1035,160],{},[82,1037,1024],{},[63,1039,1040,1042],{},[82,1041,168],{},[82,1043,1044],{},"hubiéramos dado",[63,1046,1047,1049],{},[82,1048,176],{},[82,1050,1051],{},"hubierais dado",[63,1053,1054,1056],{},[82,1055,184],{},[82,1057,1058],{},"hubieran dado",[14,1060,1061],{},[94,1062,1064],{"href":1063},"/en/past-perfect-subjunctive","Past perfect subjunctive rules →",[10,1066,12,1067,12,1071,12,1075,12,1082,12,1129,12,1135,12,1139,12,1146,12,1195],{},[109,1068,1070],{"id":1069},"imperative-of-dar","Imperative of Dar",[114,1072,1074],{"id":1073},"affirmative-commands-of-dar-imperativo-afirmativo","Affirmative Commands of Dar (Imperativo afirmativo)",[14,1076,1077,1078,1081],{},"Orders and requests: ",[27,1079,1080],{},"¡Da de comer al perro antes de salir!"," (Feed the dog before you leave!)",[52,1083,16,1084,12],{},[55,1085,57,1086,57,1094,16],{},[59,1087,61,1088,57],{},[63,1089,1090,1092],{},[67,1091,135],{},[67,1093,138],{},[77,1095,61,1096,61,1102,61,1109,61,1115,61,1122,57],{},[63,1097,1098,1100],{},[82,1099,152],{},[82,1101,163],{},[63,1103,1104,1107],{},[82,1105,1106],{},"usted",[82,1108,45],{},[63,1110,1111,1113],{},[82,1112,168],{},[82,1114,828],{},[63,1116,1117,1119],{},[82,1118,176],{},[82,1120,1121],{},"dad",[63,1123,1124,1127],{},[82,1125,1126],{},"ustedes",[82,1128,842],{},[14,1130,1131],{},[94,1132,1134],{"href":1133},"/en/imperativo-affirmative-commands","Affirmative commands rules →",[114,1136,1138],{"id":1137},"negative-commands-of-dar-imperativo-negativo","Negative Commands of Dar (Imperativo negativo)",[14,1140,1141,1142,1145],{},"Prohibitions and negative advice: ",[27,1143,1144],{},"No le des más caramelos al niño"," (Don't give the child any more sweets).",[52,1147,16,1148,12],{},[55,1149,57,1150,57,1158,16],{},[59,1151,61,1152,57],{},[63,1153,1154,1156],{},[67,1155,135],{},[67,1157,138],{},[77,1159,61,1160,61,1167,61,1174,61,1181,61,1188,57],{},[63,1161,1162,1164],{},[82,1163,152],{},[82,1165,1166],{},"no des",[63,1168,1169,1171],{},[82,1170,1106],{},[82,1172,1173],{},"no dé",[63,1175,1176,1178],{},[82,1177,168],{},[82,1179,1180],{},"no demos",[63,1182,1183,1185],{},[82,1184,176],{},[82,1186,1187],{},"no deis",[63,1189,1190,1192],{},[82,1191,1126],{},[82,1193,1194],{},"no den",[14,1196,1197],{},[94,1198,1200],{"href":1199},"/en/imperativo-negative-commands","Negative commands rules →",[10,1202,12,1203,12,1207],{},[109,1204,1206],{"id":1205},"expressions-with-dar","Expressions with Dar",[1208,1209,16,1210,16,1217,16,1223,16,1229,12],"ul",{},[1211,1212,1213,1216],"li",{},[27,1214,1215],{},"Dar igual"," - to make no difference: me da igual (I don't care)",[1211,1218,1219,1222],{},[27,1220,1221],{},"Darse cuenta de"," - to realize, to notice something",[1211,1224,1225,1228],{},[27,1226,1227],{},"Dar la lata"," - to pester, to be a nuisance",[1211,1230,1231,1234],{},[27,1232,1233],{},"Dar en el clavo"," - to hit the nail on the head",[14,1236,1237],{},[94,1238,105],{"href":96,"className":1239},[98,99,100,101,102,103,104],{"title":1241,"searchDepth":1242,"depth":1242,"links":1243},"",2,[1244,1256,1262,1266],{"id":111,"depth":1242,"text":112,"children":1245},[1246,1248,1249,1250,1251,1252,1253,1254,1255],{"id":116,"depth":1247,"text":117},3,{"id":196,"depth":1247,"text":197},{"id":267,"depth":1247,"text":268},{"id":340,"depth":1247,"text":341},{"id":412,"depth":1247,"text":413},{"id":484,"depth":1247,"text":485},{"id":557,"depth":1247,"text":558},{"id":630,"depth":1247,"text":631},{"id":702,"depth":1247,"text":703},{"id":776,"depth":1242,"text":777,"children":1257},[1258,1259,1260,1261],{"id":780,"depth":1247,"text":781},{"id":851,"depth":1247,"text":852},{"id":923,"depth":1247,"text":924},{"id":995,"depth":1247,"text":996},{"id":1069,"depth":1242,"text":1070,"children":1263},[1264,1265],{"id":1073,"depth":1247,"text":1074},{"id":1137,"depth":1247,"text":1138},{"id":1205,"depth":1242,"text":1206},"Full conjugation tables for dar (to give): present (doy), preterite (di, dio), subjunctive (dé), imperative. Irregular Spanish verb with examples.","md",{"keywords":1270,"verb":84,"verbType":24,"verbGroup":1278,"faq":1279},[1271,1272,1273,1274,1275,1276,1277],"dar conjugation","conjugate dar","dar preterite","dar present tense","dar subjunctive","dar in spanish","dé vs de","-ar",[1280,1283,1286,1289,1292],{"q":1281,"a":1282},"Is dar a regular or irregular verb?","Dar is irregular: the present yo form is doy, the preterite follows the -er/-ir pattern (di, diste, dio), and the present subjunctive dé carries an accent.",{"q":1284,"a":1285},"How do you conjugate dar in the present tense?","Yo doy, tú das, él/ella da, nosotros damos, vosotros dais, ellos dan.",{"q":1287,"a":1288},"What is the difference between dé and de?","Dé (with accent) is the verb dar in the present subjunctive and the usted imperative: quiero que me dé el libro. De (no accent) is the preposition 'of/from': el coche de Ana.",{"q":1290,"a":1291},"What is the past tense of dar?","Preterite: di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron - di and dio are written without accents. Imperfect: daba, dabas, daba, dábamos, dabais, daban.",{"q":1293,"a":1294},"What are the gerund and the participle of dar?","The gerund is dando and the participle is dado: estoy dando un paseo (I am taking a walk), he dado las gracias (I have said thanks).",true,"/verbos/dar/en",{"title":5,"description":1267},"verbos/dar/en","IIKx0D0NFLrvexOQ74hKe59nfhwzpOEvNCe2GW5OxdY",1781463937172]