[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":977},["ShallowReactive",2],{"gerundio-en":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":961,"extension":962,"meta":963,"navigation":972,"path":973,"seo":974,"stem":975,"__hash__":976},"content/gerundio/en.md","Gerundio: what is it and how is it formed?",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":934},"minimark",[9,87,102,160,333,642,778,917,929],[10,11,12,13,12,47],"section",{},"\n  ",[14,15,16,17,21,22,26,27,30,31,34,35,38,39,42,43,46],"p",{},"\n    The ",[18,19,20],"strong",{},"Gerundio"," (Spanish ",[23,24,25],"em",{},"gerund",") is a\n    ",[18,28,29],{},"non-finite form of the verb",": it does not change for\n    person or number, and it does not express tense on its own. It ends\n    in ",[23,32,33],{},"-ando"," for -ar verbs or ",[23,36,37],{},"-iendo"," for -er / -ir\n    verbs. Its most common use is with ",[23,40,41],{},"estar"," to form the\n    progressive (",[23,44,45],{},"estoy hablando",", I am speaking) and to express\n    simultaneous actions or the way something is done.\n  ",[48,49,50,51,50,59,50,66,50,73,50,80,12],"ul",{},"\n    ",[52,53,54,55,58],"li",{},"Progressive: ",[23,56,57],{},"Estoy hablando con María"," (I'm talking to María)",[52,60,61,62,65],{},"Simultaneous action: ",[23,63,64],{},"Entró cantando"," (He came in singing)",[52,67,68,69,72],{},"Manner / how: ",[23,70,71],{},"Aprendo español leyendo libros"," (I learn Spanish by reading books)",[52,74,75,76,79],{},"Cause or condition: ",[23,77,78],{},"Sabiendo eso, no iría"," (Knowing that, I wouldn't go)",[52,81,82,83,86],{},"Continued past action: ",[23,84,85],{},"Estuve estudiando toda la noche"," (I was studying all night)",[14,88,89],{},[90,91,101],"a",{"href":92,"className":93},"/dashboard",[94,95,96,97,98,99,100],"btn","btn-primary","btn-lg","px-4","py-2","d-inline-block","mb-4","Practice Gerundio",[10,103,12,104,12,109,12,138],{},[105,106,108],"h2",{"id":107},"what-is-the-gerundio","What is the Gerundio?",[14,110,16,111,113,114,117,118,121,122,125,126,129,130,133,134,137],{},[18,112,20],{}," is one of the three ",[18,115,116],{},"non-finite\n    forms"," of the Spanish verb, along with the ",[23,119,120],{},"infinitive","\n    (hablar, comer, vivir) and the ",[23,123,124],{},"participle"," (hablado, comido,\n    vivido). Unlike conjugated forms, the gerundio ",[18,127,128],{},"does not\n    change",": ",[23,131,132],{},"hablando"," works for\n    ",[23,135,136],{},"yo, tú, él, nosotros, vosotros, ellos",".\n  ",[14,139,140,141,144,145,148,149,152,153,156,157,137],{},"\n    The gerundio has an ",[18,142,143],{},"adverbial"," meaning: it describes\n    how, when or why the action of the main verb happens. It is often\n    translated as English ",[23,146,147],{},"-ing",", but it\n    ",[18,150,151],{},"cannot be used as a noun",": «I like running» is\n    ",[23,154,155],{},"me gusta correr",", not ",[23,158,159],{},"me gusta corriendo",[10,161,12,162,12,166,12,169,12,228,12,233],{},[105,163,165],{"id":164},"how-is-the-gerundio-formed","How is the Gerundio formed?",[14,167,168],{},"The general rule depends on the infinitive ending:",[170,171,50,172,12],"div",{},[173,174,175,176,175,194,50],"table",{},"\n      ",[177,178,179,180,175],"thead",{},"\n        ",[181,182,183,184,183,188,183,191,179],"tr",{},"\n          ",[185,186,187],"th",{},"Group",[185,189,190],{},"Ending",[185,192,193],{},"Example",[195,196,179,197,179,208,179,218,175],"tbody",{},[181,198,199,203,205],{},[200,201,202],"td",{},"-ar",[200,204,33],{},[200,206,207],{},"hablar → hablando (speaking)",[181,209,210,213,215],{},[200,211,212],{},"-er",[200,214,37],{},[200,216,217],{},"comer → comiendo (eating)",[181,219,220,223,225],{},[200,221,222],{},"-ir",[200,224,37],{},[200,226,227],{},"vivir → viviendo (living)",[229,230,232],"h3",{"id":231},"regular-verbs-hablar-comer-vivir","Regular verbs: hablar, comer, vivir",[170,234,50,235,12],{},[173,236,175,237,175,248,50],{},[177,238,179,239,175],{},[181,240,183,241,183,244,183,246,179],{},[185,242,243],{},"Infinitive",[185,245,20],{},[185,247,193],{},[195,249,179,250,179,263,179,277,179,291,179,305,179,319,175],{},[181,251,252,255,257],{},[200,253,254],{},"hablar",[200,256,132],{},[200,258,259,262],{},[23,260,261],{},"Está hablando con su madre"," (She is talking to her mother)",[181,264,265,268,271],{},[200,266,267],{},"comer",[200,269,270],{},"comiendo",[200,272,273,276],{},[23,274,275],{},"Estoy comiendo una manzana"," (I'm eating an apple)",[181,278,279,282,285],{},[200,280,281],{},"vivir",[200,283,284],{},"viviendo",[200,286,287,290],{},[23,288,289],{},"Estamos viviendo en Madrid"," (We are living in Madrid)",[181,292,293,296,299],{},[200,294,295],{},"trabajar",[200,297,298],{},"trabajando",[200,300,301,304],{},[23,302,303],{},"Sigue trabajando aquí"," (She still works here)",[181,306,307,310,313],{},[200,308,309],{},"aprender",[200,311,312],{},"aprendiendo",[200,314,315,318],{},[23,316,317],{},"Está aprendiendo a conducir"," (He is learning to drive)",[181,320,321,324,327],{},[200,322,323],{},"escribir",[200,325,326],{},"escribiendo",[200,328,329,332],{},[23,330,331],{},"Estoy escribiendo una carta"," (I'm writing a letter)",[10,334,12,335,12,339,12,342,12,346,12,353,12,463,12,467,12,470,12,508,12,512,12,529,12,607,12,623,12,627],{},[105,336,338],{"id":337},"what-are-the-irregular-gerundios","What are the irregular gerundios?",[14,340,341],{},"There are three groups of irregularities:",[229,343,345],{"id":344},"_1-vowel-change-e-i-ir-verbs","1. Vowel change e → i (-ir verbs)",[14,347,348,349,352],{},"\n    -ir verbs with an e→i or e→ie change in the present keep the\n    ",[23,350,351],{},"i"," in the gerundio.\n  ",[170,354,50,355,12],{},[173,356,175,357,175,365,50],{},[177,358,179,359,175],{},[181,360,183,361,183,363,179],{},[185,362,243],{},[185,364,20],{},[195,366,179,367,179,375,179,383,179,391,179,399,179,407,179,415,179,423,179,431,179,439,179,447,179,455,175],{},[181,368,369,372],{},[200,370,371],{},"pedir",[200,373,374],{},"pidiendo",[181,376,377,380],{},[200,378,379],{},"servir",[200,381,382],{},"sirviendo",[181,384,385,388],{},[200,386,387],{},"decir",[200,389,390],{},"diciendo",[181,392,393,396],{},[200,394,395],{},"sentir",[200,397,398],{},"sintiendo",[181,400,401,404],{},[200,402,403],{},"mentir",[200,405,406],{},"mintiendo",[181,408,409,412],{},[200,410,411],{},"repetir",[200,413,414],{},"repitiendo",[181,416,417,420],{},[200,418,419],{},"seguir",[200,421,422],{},"siguiendo",[181,424,425,428],{},[200,426,427],{},"conseguir",[200,429,430],{},"consiguiendo",[181,432,433,436],{},[200,434,435],{},"preferir",[200,437,438],{},"prefiriendo",[181,440,441,444],{},[200,442,443],{},"venir",[200,445,446],{},"viniendo",[181,448,449,452],{},[200,450,451],{},"vestir",[200,453,454],{},"vistiendo",[181,456,457,460],{},[200,458,459],{},"convertir",[200,461,462],{},"convirtiendo",[229,464,466],{"id":465},"_2-vowel-change-o-u","2. Vowel change o → u",[14,468,469],{},"Three verbs change o→u in the gerundio:",[170,471,50,472,12],{},[173,473,175,474,175,482,50],{},[177,475,179,476,175],{},[181,477,183,478,183,480,179],{},[185,479,243],{},[185,481,20],{},[195,483,179,484,179,492,179,500,175],{},[181,485,486,489],{},[200,487,488],{},"dormir",[200,490,491],{},"durmiendo",[181,493,494,497],{},[200,495,496],{},"morir",[200,498,499],{},"muriendo",[181,501,502,505],{},[200,503,504],{},"poder",[200,506,507],{},"pudiendo",[229,509,511],{"id":510},"_3-iendo-yendo-stem-ending-in-vowel","3. -iendo → -yendo (stem ending in vowel)",[14,513,514,515,518,519,521,522,524,525,528],{},"\n    When the stem of an -er / -ir verb ends in a ",[18,516,517],{},"vowel",",\n    the ",[23,520,351],{}," in ",[23,523,37],{}," becomes ",[23,526,527],{},"y",":\n  ",[170,530,50,531,12],{},[173,532,175,533,175,541,50],{},[177,534,179,535,175],{},[181,536,183,537,183,539,179],{},[185,538,243],{},[185,540,20],{},[195,542,179,543,179,551,179,559,179,567,179,575,179,583,179,591,179,599,175],{},[181,544,545,548],{},[200,546,547],{},"leer",[200,549,550],{},"leyendo",[181,552,553,556],{},[200,554,555],{},"creer",[200,557,558],{},"creyendo",[181,560,561,564],{},[200,562,563],{},"oír",[200,565,566],{},"oyendo",[181,568,569,572],{},[200,570,571],{},"caer",[200,573,574],{},"cayendo",[181,576,577,580],{},[200,578,579],{},"traer",[200,581,582],{},"trayendo",[181,584,585,588],{},[200,586,587],{},"huir",[200,589,590],{},"huyendo",[181,592,593,596],{},[200,594,595],{},"construir",[200,597,598],{},"construyendo",[181,600,601,604],{},[200,602,603],{},"destruir",[200,605,606],{},"destruyendo",[14,608,50,609,612,613,616,617,129,620,137],{},[18,610,611],{},"Exception:"," -ucir verbs (",[23,614,615],{},"producir, conducir,\n    traducir",") do NOT follow this rule — their stem ends in\n    consonant ",[23,618,619],{},"c",[23,621,622],{},"produciendo, conduciendo, traduciendo",[229,624,626],{"id":625},"_4-fully-irregular-ir","4. Fully irregular: ir",[14,628,629,630,633,634,637,638,641],{},"\n    The verb ",[23,631,632],{},"ir"," has a unique gerundio: ",[18,635,636],{},"yendo","\n    (",[23,639,640],{},"Voy yendo a la oficina"," — I'm on my way to the office).\n  ",[10,643,12,644,12,648,12,651,12,655,12,662,12,682,12,686,12,689,12,708,12,712,12,715,12,734,12,738,12,741,12,754,12,758],{},[105,645,647],{"id":646},"when-is-the-gerundio-used","When is the Gerundio used?",[14,649,650],{},"The Gerundio has five main uses:",[229,652,654],{"id":653},"_1-with-estar-the-progressive","1. With estar (the progressive)",[14,656,657,658,661],{},"\n    The most frequent use: ",[23,659,660],{},"estar + gerundio"," indicates that an\n    action is in progress at a specific moment.\n  ",[48,663,50,664,50,670,50,676,12],{},[52,665,666,669],{},[23,667,668],{},"Estoy hablando con mi jefe"," (I'm speaking with my boss right now).",[52,671,672,675],{},[23,673,674],{},"Estábamos cenando cuando sonó el teléfono"," (We were having dinner when the phone rang).",[52,677,678,681],{},[23,679,680],{},"Estuve estudiando toda la tarde"," (I was studying all afternoon).",[229,683,685],{"id":684},"_2-simultaneous-action","2. Simultaneous action",[14,687,688],{},"An action that happens at the same time as the main verb:",[48,690,50,691,50,696,50,702,12],{},[52,692,693,695],{},[23,694,64],{}," (He came in singing).",[52,697,698,701],{},[23,699,700],{},"Salió corriendo"," (She ran out).",[52,703,704,707],{},[23,705,706],{},"Pasa el día leyendo"," (He spends the day reading).",[229,709,711],{"id":710},"_3-manner-or-way-how","3. Manner or way (how?)",[14,713,714],{},"Answers the question «how?»:",[48,716,50,717,50,722,50,728,12],{},[52,718,719,721],{},[23,720,71],{}," (I learn Spanish by reading books).",[52,723,724,727],{},[23,725,726],{},"Se gana la vida cantando"," (She makes a living by singing).",[52,729,730,733],{},[23,731,732],{},"Practica hablando con nativos"," (Practice by speaking with native speakers).",[229,735,737],{"id":736},"_4-cause-or-condition","4. Cause or condition",[14,739,740],{},"The gerundio can express the cause or condition of something:",[48,742,50,743,50,748,12],{},[52,744,745,747],{},[23,746,78],{}," (Knowing that, I wouldn't go).",[52,749,750,753],{},[23,751,752],{},"Estando enferma, no fue al trabajo"," (Being sick, she didn't go to work).",[229,755,757],{"id":756},"_5-with-seguir-continuar-llevar","5. With seguir / continuar / llevar",[48,759,50,760,50,766,50,772,12],{},[52,761,762,765],{},[23,763,764],{},"Sigue lloviendo"," (It's still raining).",[52,767,768,771],{},[23,769,770],{},"Continuamos trabajando en el proyecto"," (We keep working on the project).",[52,773,774,777],{},[23,775,776],{},"Lleva dos horas esperando"," (He has been waiting for two hours).",[10,779,12,780,12,784,12,790,12,794,12,812,12,866,12,870,12,900,12,904],{},[105,781,783],{"id":782},"what-are-the-common-mistakes-with-the-gerundio","What are the common mistakes with the Gerundio?",[14,785,786,787,789],{},"\n    The Spanish gerundio is used differently from the English ",[23,788,147],{},"\n    form. These are the most frequent mistakes:\n  ",[229,791,793],{"id":792},"_1-as-a-noun-the-gerundio-is-not-a-noun","1. As a noun (the gerundio is NOT a noun)",[14,795,796,797,800,801,804,805,808,809,137],{},"\n    English says ",[23,798,799],{},"I like running",", but Spanish\n    ",[18,802,803],{},"cannot"," say ",[23,806,807],{},"«Me gusta corriendo»",". Use the\n    infinitive instead: ",[23,810,811],{},"Me gusta correr",[170,813,50,814,12],{},[173,815,175,816,175,826,50],{},[177,817,179,818,175],{},[181,819,820,823],{},[185,821,822],{},"Wrong",[185,824,825],{},"Correct",[195,827,179,828,179,840,179,853,175],{},[181,829,830,835],{},[200,831,832],{},[23,833,834],{},"Me gusta corriendo",[200,836,837,839],{},[23,838,811],{}," (I like running)",[181,841,842,847],{},[200,843,844],{},[23,845,846],{},"Es difícil hablando",[200,848,849,852],{},[23,850,851],{},"Es difícil hablar"," (Speaking is difficult)",[181,854,855,860],{},[200,856,857],{},[23,858,859],{},"Prohibido fumando",[200,861,862,865],{},[23,863,864],{},"Prohibido fumar"," (No smoking)",[229,867,869],{"id":868},"_2-as-an-adjective-with-exceptions","2. As an adjective (with exceptions)",[14,871,872,873,876,877,880,881,884,885,888,889,129,892,895,896,899],{},"\n    In general the gerundio does not work as an adjective.\n    ",[18,874,875],{},"NOT"," ",[23,878,879],{},"«una caja conteniendo libros»",", but\n    ",[23,882,883],{},"«una caja que contiene libros»"," (a box that contains books).\n    The only accepted exceptions are ",[23,886,887],{},"hirviendo"," and\n    ",[23,890,891],{},"ardiendo",[23,893,894],{},"agua hirviendo"," (boiling water),\n    ",[23,897,898],{},"casa ardiendo"," (burning house).\n  ",[229,901,903],{"id":902},"_3-a-later-action","3. A later action",[14,905,906,907,876,909,912,913,916],{},"\n    The gerundio expresses simultaneity or anteriority, NOT a later\n    action. ",[18,908,875],{},[23,910,911],{},"«Salió de casa, llegando media\n    hora después»",". Better: ",[23,914,915],{},"«Salió de casa y llegó media hora\n    después»"," (He left home and arrived half an hour later).\n  ",[10,918,12,919],{},[14,920,921,922,925,926,928],{},"\n    Want to ",[18,923,924],{},"practice"," the Gerundio? In our app you can\n    conjugate verbs with interactive exercises and combine the form\n    with ",[23,927,41],{}," for the progressive.\n  ",[14,930,931],{},[90,932,101],{"href":92,"className":933},[94,95,96,97,98,99,100],{"title":935,"searchDepth":936,"depth":936,"links":937},"",2,[938,939,943,949,956],{"id":107,"depth":936,"text":108},{"id":164,"depth":936,"text":165,"children":940},[941],{"id":231,"depth":942,"text":232},3,{"id":337,"depth":936,"text":338,"children":944},[945,946,947,948],{"id":344,"depth":942,"text":345},{"id":465,"depth":942,"text":466},{"id":510,"depth":942,"text":511},{"id":625,"depth":942,"text":626},{"id":646,"depth":936,"text":647,"children":950},[951,952,953,954,955],{"id":653,"depth":942,"text":654},{"id":684,"depth":942,"text":685},{"id":710,"depth":942,"text":711},{"id":736,"depth":942,"text":737},{"id":756,"depth":942,"text":757},{"id":782,"depth":936,"text":783,"children":957},[958,959,960],{"id":792,"depth":942,"text":793},{"id":868,"depth":942,"text":869},{"id":902,"depth":942,"text":903},"Learn the Spanish Gerundio: non-finite verb form (-ando, -iendo). Rules, irregulars, uses with estar, and common mistakes for learners.","md",{"keywords":964},[20,965,966,967,968,969,970,971],"Spanish Gerund","non-finite verb forms","hablando comiendo viviendo","estar gerundio","Spanish progressive","Spanish gerund irregulars","practice gerundio",true,"/gerundio/en",{"title":5,"description":961},"gerundio/en","fs8Qb0QVCMDKKOVX12xs41dnm5XSNvrcDcPcSjlyZzI",1780262142962]