[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1156},["ShallowReactive",2],{"participio-en":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":1139,"extension":1140,"meta":1141,"navigation":1151,"path":1152,"seo":1153,"stem":1154,"__hash__":1155},"content/participio/en.md","Participio: what is it and how is it formed?",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1120},"minimark",[9,107,122,179,445,702,960,1115],[10,11,12,13,12,67],"section",{},"\n  ",[14,15,16,17,21,22,26,27,30,31,34,35,38,39,42,43,46,47,50,51,54,55,58,59,62,63,66],"p",{},"\n    The ",[18,19,20],"strong",{},"Participio"," (Spanish ",[23,24,25],"em",{},"past participle",") is\n    a ",[18,28,29],{},"non-finite form of the verb",": in its verbal use\n    (with ",[23,32,33],{},"haber",") it does not change for person or number and\n    ends in ",[23,36,37],{},"-ado"," (-ar verbs) or ",[23,40,41],{},"-ido"," (-er / -ir verbs).\n    It is required to build every ",[18,44,45],{},"compound tense","\n    (",[23,48,49],{},"he hablado",", I have spoken; ",[23,52,53],{},"había comido",", I had\n    eaten) and to form the passive voice (",[23,56,57],{},"es escrito por María",",\n    it is written by María). As an adjective it agrees in gender and\n    number (",[23,60,61],{},"casa pintada",", a painted house;\n    ",[23,64,65],{},"libros leídos",", books that have been read).\n  ",[68,69,70,71,70,79,70,86,70,93,70,100,12],"ul",{},"\n    ",[72,73,74,75,78],"li",{},"Compound tenses: ",[23,76,77],{},"He hablado con María"," (I have spoken with María)",[72,80,81,82,85],{},"Passive with ser: ",[23,83,84],{},"La novela es escrita por el autor"," (The novel is written by the author)",[72,87,88,89,92],{},"Resultative with estar: ",[23,90,91],{},"La puerta está cerrada"," (The door is closed)",[72,94,95,96,99],{},"As an adjective: ",[23,97,98],{},"una carta escrita a mano"," (a handwritten letter)",[72,101,102,103,106],{},"Absolute construction: ",[23,104,105],{},"Acabada la reunión, todos se fueron"," (The meeting being over, everyone left)",[14,108,109],{},[110,111,121],"a",{"href":112,"className":113},"/dashboard",[114,115,116,117,118,119,120],"btn","btn-primary","btn-lg","px-4","py-2","d-inline-block","mb-4","Practice Participio",[10,123,12,124,12,129,12,161],{},[125,126,128],"h2",{"id":127},"what-is-the-participio","What is the Participio?",[14,130,16,131,133,134,137,138,141,142,145,146,149,150,153,154,157,158,160],{},[18,132,20],{}," is one of the three ",[18,135,136],{},"non-finite\n    forms"," of the Spanish verb, along with the ",[23,139,140],{},"infinitive","\n    (hablar, comer, vivir) and the ",[23,143,144],{},"gerundio"," (hablando, comiendo,\n    viviendo). Unlike conjugated forms, the participio\n    ",[18,147,148],{},"does not change for person",": ",[23,151,152],{},"hablado"," works\n    for ",[23,155,156],{},"yo, tú, él, nosotros, vosotros, ellos"," when used with\n    ",[23,159,33],{},".\n  ",[14,162,163,164,167,168,171,172,175,176,160],{},"\n    The participio has a ",[18,165,166],{},"dual nature",": it works as a\n    ",[23,169,170],{},"verb"," in compound tenses and the passive, and as an\n    ",[23,173,174],{},"adjective"," when it modifies a noun. In its adjectival use it\n    agrees in gender and number, like any adjective:\n    ",[23,177,178],{},"cerrado, cerrada, cerrados, cerradas",[10,180,12,181,12,185,12,188,12,247,12,252,12,352,12,356,12,374,12,428],{},[125,182,184],{"id":183},"how-is-the-participio-formed","How is the Participio formed?",[14,186,187],{},"The general rule depends on the infinitive ending:",[189,190,70,191,12],"div",{},[192,193,194,195,194,213,70],"table",{},"\n      ",[196,197,198,199,194],"thead",{},"\n        ",[200,201,202,203,202,207,202,210,198],"tr",{},"\n          ",[204,205,206],"th",{},"Group",[204,208,209],{},"Ending",[204,211,212],{},"Example",[214,215,198,216,198,227,198,237,194],"tbody",{},[200,217,218,222,224],{},[219,220,221],"td",{},"-ar",[219,223,37],{},[219,225,226],{},"hablar → hablado (spoken)",[200,228,229,232,234],{},[219,230,231],{},"-er",[219,233,41],{},[219,235,236],{},"comer → comido (eaten)",[200,238,239,242,244],{},[219,240,241],{},"-ir",[219,243,41],{},[219,245,246],{},"vivir → vivido (lived)",[248,249,251],"h3",{"id":250},"regular-verbs-hablar-comer-vivir","Regular verbs: hablar, comer, vivir",[189,253,70,254,12],{},[192,255,194,256,194,267,70],{},[196,257,198,258,194],{},[200,259,202,260,202,263,202,265,198],{},[204,261,262],{},"Infinitive",[204,264,20],{},[204,266,212],{},[214,268,198,269,198,282,198,296,198,310,198,324,198,338,194],{},[200,270,271,274,276],{},[219,272,273],{},"hablar",[219,275,152],{},[219,277,278,281],{},[23,279,280],{},"He hablado con tu padre"," (I've spoken with your father)",[200,283,284,287,290],{},[219,285,286],{},"trabajar",[219,288,289],{},"trabajado",[219,291,292,295],{},[23,293,294],{},"Han trabajado mucho"," (They have worked a lot)",[200,297,298,301,304],{},[219,299,300],{},"comer",[219,302,303],{},"comido",[219,305,306,309],{},[23,307,308],{},"¿Has comido ya?"," (Have you eaten already?)",[200,311,312,315,318],{},[219,313,314],{},"beber",[219,316,317],{},"bebido",[219,319,320,323],{},[23,321,322],{},"Hemos bebido agua"," (We have drunk water)",[200,325,326,329,332],{},[219,327,328],{},"vivir",[219,330,331],{},"vivido",[219,333,334,337],{},[23,335,336],{},"He vivido en Madrid"," (I have lived in Madrid)",[200,339,340,343,346],{},[219,341,342],{},"recibir",[219,344,345],{},"recibido",[219,347,348,351],{},[23,349,350],{},"No he recibido tu carta"," (I haven't received your letter)",[248,353,355],{"id":354},"participios-with-accent-hiatus","Participios with accent (hiatus)",[14,357,358,359,362,363,366,367,369,370,373],{},"\n    When the stem of an -er / -ir verb ends in a ",[18,360,361],{},"strong vowel","\n    (a, e, o), the ",[23,364,365],{},"i"," of ",[23,368,41],{}," takes an ",[18,371,372],{},"accent","\n    to mark the hiatus:\n  ",[189,375,70,376,12],{},[192,377,194,378,194,386,70],{},[196,379,198,380,194],{},[200,381,382,384],{},[204,383,262],{},[204,385,20],{},[214,387,198,388,198,396,198,404,198,412,198,420,194],{},[200,389,390,393],{},[219,391,392],{},"leer",[219,394,395],{},"leído (read)",[200,397,398,401],{},[219,399,400],{},"creer",[219,402,403],{},"creído (believed)",[200,405,406,409],{},[219,407,408],{},"caer",[219,410,411],{},"caído (fallen)",[200,413,414,417],{},[219,415,416],{},"traer",[219,418,419],{},"traído (brought)",[200,421,422,425],{},[219,423,424],{},"oír",[219,426,427],{},"oído (heard)",[14,429,70,430,433,434,437,438,441,442,160],{},[18,431,432],{},"Exception:"," if the stem ends in a weak vowel (",[23,435,436],{},"i,\n    u","), there is ",[18,439,440],{},"no"," accent: ",[23,443,444],{},"huir → huido,\n    construir → construido, destruir → destruido",[10,446,12,447,12,451,12,454],{},[125,448,450],{"id":449},"what-are-the-irregular-participios","What are the irregular participios?",[14,452,453],{},"\n    These verbs have a participio that does not follow the regular rule\n    — you have to learn them by heart:\n  ",[189,455,70,456,12],{},[192,457,194,458,194,469,70],{},[196,459,198,460,194],{},[200,461,202,462,202,464,202,466,198],{},[204,463,262],{},[204,465,20],{},[204,467,468],{},"Meaning",[214,470,198,471,198,482,198,493,198,504,198,515,198,526,198,537,198,548,198,559,198,570,198,581,198,592,198,603,198,614,198,625,198,636,198,647,198,658,198,669,198,680,198,691,194],{},[200,472,473,476,479],{},[219,474,475],{},"abrir",[219,477,478],{},"abierto",[219,480,481],{},"opened",[200,483,484,487,490],{},[219,485,486],{},"cubrir",[219,488,489],{},"cubierto",[219,491,492],{},"covered",[200,494,495,498,501],{},[219,496,497],{},"descubrir",[219,499,500],{},"descubierto",[219,502,503],{},"discovered",[200,505,506,509,512],{},[219,507,508],{},"decir",[219,510,511],{},"dicho",[219,513,514],{},"said",[200,516,517,520,523],{},[219,518,519],{},"escribir",[219,521,522],{},"escrito",[219,524,525],{},"written",[200,527,528,531,534],{},[219,529,530],{},"describir",[219,532,533],{},"descrito",[219,535,536],{},"described",[200,538,539,542,545],{},[219,540,541],{},"hacer",[219,543,544],{},"hecho",[219,546,547],{},"done / made",[200,549,550,553,556],{},[219,551,552],{},"deshacer",[219,554,555],{},"deshecho",[219,557,558],{},"undone",[200,560,561,564,567],{},[219,562,563],{},"morir",[219,565,566],{},"muerto",[219,568,569],{},"died",[200,571,572,575,578],{},[219,573,574],{},"poner",[219,576,577],{},"puesto",[219,579,580],{},"put",[200,582,583,586,589],{},[219,584,585],{},"suponer",[219,587,588],{},"supuesto",[219,590,591],{},"supposed",[200,593,594,597,600],{},[219,595,596],{},"componer",[219,598,599],{},"compuesto",[219,601,602],{},"composed",[200,604,605,608,611],{},[219,606,607],{},"disponer",[219,609,610],{},"dispuesto",[219,612,613],{},"arranged",[200,615,616,619,622],{},[219,617,618],{},"resolver",[219,620,621],{},"resuelto",[219,623,624],{},"solved",[200,626,627,630,633],{},[219,628,629],{},"romper",[219,631,632],{},"roto",[219,634,635],{},"broken",[200,637,638,641,644],{},[219,639,640],{},"ver",[219,642,643],{},"visto",[219,645,646],{},"seen",[200,648,649,652,655],{},[219,650,651],{},"volver",[219,653,654],{},"vuelto",[219,656,657],{},"returned",[200,659,660,663,666],{},[219,661,662],{},"devolver",[219,664,665],{},"devuelto",[219,667,668],{},"returned (something)",[200,670,671,674,677],{},[219,672,673],{},"envolver",[219,675,676],{},"envuelto",[219,678,679],{},"wrapped",[200,681,682,685,688],{},[219,683,684],{},"freír",[219,686,687],{},"frito",[219,689,690],{},"fried",[200,692,693,696,699],{},[219,694,695],{},"imprimir",[219,697,698],{},"impreso",[219,700,701],{},"printed",[10,703,12,704,12,708,12,711,12,715,12,726,12,791,12,795,12,810,12,841,12,845,12,855,12,883,12,887,12,893,12,925,12,929,12,932],{},[125,705,707],{"id":706},"when-is-the-participio-used","When is the Participio used?",[14,709,710],{},"The participio has five main uses:",[248,712,714],{"id":713},"_1-compound-tenses-haber-participio","1. Compound tenses (haber + participio)",[14,716,717,718,721,722,725],{},"\n    The most frequent use: ",[23,719,720],{},"haber + participio"," forms every\n    compound tense. The participio ",[18,723,724],{},"does not change","\n    (always masculine singular):\n  ",[68,727,70,728,70,737,70,747,70,758,70,769,70,780,12],{},[72,729,730,731,78],{},"Present perfect: ",[23,732,733,734,736],{},"He ",[18,735,152],{}," con María",[72,738,739,740,746],{},"Pluperfect: ",[23,741,742,743,745],{},"Había ",[18,744,303],{}," antes de llegar"," (I had eaten before arriving)",[72,748,749,750,757],{},"Future perfect: ",[23,751,752,753,756],{},"Habré ",[18,754,755],{},"terminado"," mañana"," (I will have finished tomorrow)",[72,759,760,761,768],{},"Conditional perfect: ",[23,762,763,764,767],{},"Habría ",[18,765,766],{},"ido"," contigo"," (I would have gone with you)",[72,770,771,772,779],{},"Present perfect subjunctive: ",[23,773,774,775,778],{},"Espero que hayas ",[18,776,777],{},"llegado"," bien"," (I hope you've arrived safely)",[72,781,782,783,790],{},"Pluperfect subjunctive: ",[23,784,785,786,789],{},"Si hubiera ",[18,787,788],{},"sabido","…"," (If I had known…)",[248,792,794],{"id":793},"_2-passive-voice-ser-participio","2. Passive voice (ser + participio)",[14,796,797,798,801,802,805,806,809],{},"\n    With ",[23,799,800],{},"ser",", the participio forms the ",[18,803,804],{},"action passive",".\n    Here the participio ",[18,807,808],{},"agrees"," with the subject in\n    gender and number:\n  ",[68,811,70,812,70,821,70,831,12],{},[72,813,814,85],{},[23,815,816,817,820],{},"La novela ",[18,818,819],{},"es escrita"," por el autor",[72,822,823,830],{},[23,824,825,826,829],{},"Los libros ",[18,827,828],{},"son leídos"," en clase"," (The books are read in class)",[72,832,833,840],{},[23,834,835,836,839],{},"Las cartas ",[18,837,838],{},"fueron enviadas"," ayer"," (The letters were sent yesterday)",[248,842,844],{"id":843},"_3-resultative-passive-estar-participio","3. Resultative passive (estar + participio)",[14,846,797,847,850,851,854],{},[23,848,849],{},"estar",", the participio expresses a ",[18,852,853],{},"result or\n    state",". It also agrees in gender and number:\n  ",[68,856,70,857,70,865,70,874,12],{},[72,858,859,92],{},[23,860,861,862],{},"La puerta ",[18,863,864],{},"está cerrada",[72,866,867,873],{},[23,868,869,870],{},"Los platos ",[18,871,872],{},"están lavados"," (The dishes are washed)",[72,875,876,882],{},[23,877,878,879],{},"Las ventanas ",[18,880,881],{},"están abiertas"," (The windows are open)",[248,884,886],{"id":885},"_4-as-an-adjective","4. As an adjective",[14,888,889,890,892],{},"\n    The participio can work as a regular adjective and\n    ",[18,891,808],{}," with the noun:\n  ",[68,894,70,895,70,905,70,915,12],{},[72,896,897,904],{},[23,898,899,900,903],{},"una casa ",[18,901,902],{},"pintada"," de blanco"," (a house painted white)",[72,906,907,914],{},[23,908,909,910,913],{},"los libros ",[18,911,912],{},"leídos"," el año pasado"," (the books read last year)",[72,916,917,924],{},[23,918,919,920,923],{},"las cartas ",[18,921,922],{},"escritas"," a mano"," (the handwritten letters)",[248,926,928],{"id":927},"_5-absolute-constructions","5. Absolute constructions",[14,930,931],{},"\n    The participio can introduce absolute clauses expressing time,\n    cause or circumstance:\n  ",[68,933,70,934,70,942,70,951,12],{},[72,935,936,106],{},[23,937,938,941],{},[18,939,940],{},"Acabada"," la reunión, todos se fueron",[72,943,944,950],{},[23,945,946,949],{},[18,947,948],{},"Cerrada"," la puerta, nadie podía entrar"," (With the door closed, no one could enter)",[72,952,953,959],{},[23,954,955,958],{},[18,956,957],{},"Dicho"," esto, me voy"," (That said, I'm leaving)",[10,961,12,962,12,966,12,969,12,1046,12,1069],{},[125,963,965],{"id":964},"how-do-the-adjectival-and-verbal-participio-differ","How do the adjectival and verbal participio differ?",[14,967,968],{},"\n    It is important to tell the two uses apart, because agreement is\n    different:\n  ",[189,970,70,971,12],{},[192,972,194,973,194,985,70],{},[196,974,198,975,194],{},[200,976,202,977,202,980,202,983,198],{},[204,978,979],{},"Use",[204,981,982],{},"Agrees?",[204,984,212],{},[214,986,198,987,198,1004,198,1019,198,1033,194],{},[200,988,989,992,995],{},[219,990,991],{},"With haber (verbal)",[219,993,994],{},"NO",[219,996,997,1003],{},[23,998,999,1000,1002],{},"Hemos ",[18,1001,522],{}," tres cartas"," (We have written three letters)",[200,1005,1006,1009,1012],{},[219,1007,1008],{},"With ser (passive)",[219,1010,1011],{},"YES",[219,1013,1014],{},[23,1015,1016,1017],{},"Las cartas son ",[18,1018,922],{},[200,1020,1021,1024,1026],{},[219,1022,1023],{},"With estar (result)",[219,1025,1011],{},[219,1027,1028],{},[23,1029,1030,1031],{},"Las cartas están ",[18,1032,922],{},[200,1034,1035,1038,1040],{},[219,1036,1037],{},"Adjective",[219,1039,1011],{},[219,1041,1042],{},[23,1043,919,1044,923],{},[18,1045,922],{},[14,1047,70,1048,1051,1052,1055,1056,1058,1059,1061,1062,1065,1066,160],{},[18,1049,1050],{},"Note:"," the participio is ",[18,1053,1054],{},"not"," used\n    with ",[23,1057,849],{}," to form the progressive. For «I am speaking»\n    Spanish needs the ",[23,1060,144],{},", not the participio:\n    ",[23,1063,1064],{},"estoy hablando",", never ",[23,1067,1068],{},"estoy hablado",[14,1070,1071,1072,1075,1076,1078,1079,46,1082,1078,1085,1075,1088,1078,1091,1075,1094,1078,1097,1075,1100,1103,1104,46,1107,1110,1111,1114],{},"\n    The participio appears in many other tenses: the ",[23,1073,1074],{},"Pretérito\n    perfecto"," (",[23,1077,49],{},"), the ",[23,1080,1081],{},"Pluscuamperfecto",[23,1083,1084],{},"había hablado",[23,1086,1087],{},"Futuro perfecto",[23,1089,1090],{},"habré\n    hablado",[23,1092,1093],{},"Condicional compuesto",[23,1095,1096],{},"habría\n    hablado",[23,1098,1099],{},"Perfecto de subjuntivo",[23,1101,1102],{},"haya\n    hablado",") and the ",[23,1105,1106],{},"Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo",[23,1108,1109],{},"hubiera hablado","). The other non-finite form is the\n    ",[23,1112,1113],{},"Gerundio"," (hablando, comiendo, viviendo).\n  ",[14,1116,1117],{},[110,1118,121],{"href":112,"className":1119},[114,115,116,117,118,119,120],{"title":1121,"searchDepth":1122,"depth":1122,"links":1123},"",2,[1124,1125,1130,1131,1138],{"id":127,"depth":1122,"text":128},{"id":183,"depth":1122,"text":184,"children":1126},[1127,1129],{"id":250,"depth":1128,"text":251},3,{"id":354,"depth":1128,"text":355},{"id":449,"depth":1122,"text":450},{"id":706,"depth":1122,"text":707,"children":1132},[1133,1134,1135,1136,1137],{"id":713,"depth":1128,"text":714},{"id":793,"depth":1128,"text":794},{"id":843,"depth":1128,"text":844},{"id":885,"depth":1128,"text":886},{"id":927,"depth":1128,"text":928},{"id":964,"depth":1122,"text":965},"Learn the Spanish Participio: non-finite verb form (-ado, -ido). Rules, irregular participles, uses with haber, ser, estar and as an adjective.","md",{"keywords":1142},[20,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149,1150],"Spanish Past Participle","Participio español","non-finite verb forms","hablado comido vivido","haber participio","abierto escrito hecho visto","irregular Spanish participles","practice participio",true,"/participio/en",{"title":5,"description":1139},"participio/en","9OJHnG0kxd28Lj3PUSCgTxBuHt0h05sfBX7V2N7enKc",1780262142971]