[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":458},["ShallowReactive",2],{"verbos-irregulares-en":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":427,"extension":428,"meta":429,"navigation":453,"path":454,"seo":455,"stem":456,"__hash__":457},"content\u002Fverbos-irregulares\u002Fen.md","Spanish Irregular Verbs: Full List by Tense",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":413},"minimark",[9,99,109,112,127,134,139,144,149,154,159,164,169,191,196,201,206,211,214,222,228,240,245,261,265,268,283,287,290,298,304,308,311,336,341],[10,11,12,13,12,30,12,45,12,48],"section",{},"\n  ",[14,15,16,17,21,22,25,26,29],"p",{},"\n    An irregular verb (",[18,19,20],"em",{},"verbo irregular",") is a verb whose stem or ending changes in at least one tense:\n    ",[18,23,24],{},"tener → tengo, tuve, tendré",". If only a letter changes to keep the sound\n    (",[18,27,28],{},"llegar → llegué","), the verb is still regular.\n  ",[14,31,32,33,36,37,40,41,44],{},"\n    The key idea: a verb is rarely irregular in every tense. ",[18,34,35],{},"Pedir"," changes in the present\n    (",[18,38,39],{},"pido",") and the preterite (",[18,42,43],{},"pidió","), but it is regular in the imperfect and the future. That is\n    why this page breaks Spanish irregular verbs down by tense.\n  ",[14,46,47],{},"On this page:",[49,50,51,52,51,61,12],"ul",{},"\n    ",[53,54,55,60],"li",{},[56,57,59],"a",{"href":58},"#list","a table of 46 Spanish irregular verbs"," with a filter by tense;",[53,62,63,64,68,69,73,74,68,78,73,82,68,86,68,90,73,94,98],{},"\n      irregular patterns by tense: ",[56,65,67],{"href":66},"#present","present",", ",[56,70,72],{"href":71},"#preterite","preterite",",\n      ",[56,75,77],{"href":76},"#imperfect","imperfect",[56,79,81],{"href":80},"#future","future and conditional",[56,83,85],{"href":84},"#participle","past participle",[56,87,89],{"href":88},"#gerund","gerund",[56,91,93],{"href":92},"#subjunctive","subjunctive",[56,95,97],{"href":96},"#commands","commands",".\n    ",[10,100,12,101,12,106],{},[102,103,105],"h2",{"id":104},"list","Spanish irregular verbs list (46)",[14,107,108],{},"\n    The verbs are sorted by frequency. Each row shows four key forms, with the irregular ones in orange. The filter\n    keeps the verbs that are irregular in the chosen tense, and \"Hide translations\" turns the table into\n    flashcards. Tap a verb to see its full conjugation.\n  ",[110,111],"irregular-verbs-table",{},[10,113,12,114,12,117],{},[102,115,116],{"id":67},"Irregular verbs in the present tense (irregular yo forms)",[14,118,119,120,68,123,126],{},"\n    The present tense has the most irregular verbs, but almost all of them fit into a few groups. Within a group\n    the verbs change the same way: ",[18,121,122],{},"tener → tengo, tienes",[18,124,125],{},"venir → vengo, vienes",".\n  ",[128,129],"irregular-group",{"id":130,"rule":131,"tense":132,"title":133},"special","Learn them by heart: the yo form or the whole tense breaks the pattern.","presente","Unique forms",[128,135],{"id":136,"rule":137,"tense":132,"title":138},"go","Only yo adds a -g-. The other forms are regular or have a stem change: tengo, tienes.","-go in the yo form",[128,140],{"id":141,"rule":142,"tense":132,"title":143},"zco","Verbs ending in -cer or -cir after a vowel: c → zc only in yo.","-zco in the yo form",[128,145],{"id":146,"rule":147,"tense":132,"title":148},"e-ie","The stressed e of the stem becomes ie in every form except nosotros and vosotros: pienso, pensamos.","e → ie",[128,150],{"id":151,"rule":152,"tense":132,"title":153},"o-ue","The stressed o of the stem becomes ue in every form except nosotros and vosotros: puedo, podemos.","o → ue",[128,155],{"id":156,"rule":157,"tense":132,"title":158},"u-ue","The only verb like this is jugar: juego, jugamos.","u → ue",[128,160],{"id":161,"rule":162,"tense":132,"title":163},"e-i","Only -ir verbs, in every form except nosotros and vosotros: pido, pedimos.","e → i",[128,165],{"id":166,"rule":167,"tense":132,"title":168},"spelling","In dirijo only the letter changes, to keep the sound. That is not an irregularity.","Don't confuse: spelling only",[10,170,12,171,12,174],{},[102,172,173],{"id":72},"Irregular preterite verbs",[14,175,176,177,180,181,184,185,68,188,126],{},"\n    The preterite (pretérito indefinido) comes second for irregular verbs. The trick is to tell real\n    irregularities (",[18,178,179],{},"tuve, hice, dije",") from spelling rules (",[18,182,183],{},"busqué, leyó","). A useful hint: verbs\n    with a new stem never take a written accent on the ending: ",[18,186,187],{},"tuve",[18,189,190],{},"hizo",[128,192],{"id":130,"rule":193,"tense":194,"title":195},"ser and ir share the same forms (fui, fue); context tells them apart. dar takes the -er endings.","indefinido","ser = ir, dar",[128,197],{"id":198,"rule":199,"tense":194,"title":200},"strong","A new stem and unstressed endings: -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron (tuve, tuvo).","New stem",[128,202],{"id":203,"rule":204,"tense":194,"title":205},"j","Like the new-stem group, but ellos ends in -eron, not -ieron: dijeron, trajeron.","Stem in -j",[128,207],{"id":208,"rule":209,"tense":194,"title":210},"third","-ir verbs with a present-tense stem change switch e → i and o → u only in él and ellos: pidió, durmió.","Stem change in the third person",[128,212],{"id":166,"rule":213,"tense":194,"title":168},"c → qu, g → gu, z → c before e (busqué, llegué, empecé) and i → y between vowels (leyó, cayó). Vi and vio have no accent because they are one syllable. The endings are the regular ones.",[10,215,12,216,12,219],{},[102,217,218],{"id":77},"Irregular verbs in the imperfect",[14,220,221],{},"The easiest tense: there are only three irregular verbs.",[128,223],{"id":224,"rule":225,"tense":226,"title":227},"all","Every other verb, even the most irregular ones, is regular in the imperfect.","imperfecto","Only three verbs",[10,229,12,230,12,234],{},[102,231,233],{"id":232},"future","Irregular future and conditional stems",[14,235,236,237,126],{},"\n    In the simple future and the conditional all verbs share the same endings, and only twelve verbs from the\n    list change their stem. Both tenses use the same stem: ",[18,238,239],{},"tendr- → tendré, tendría",[128,241],{"id":224,"rule":242,"tense":243,"title":244},"The endings are regular; only the stem changes, and both tenses share it: tendré, tendría.","futuro","Special stem in the future and conditional",[10,246,12,247,12,251],{},[102,248,250],{"id":249},"participle","Irregular past participles",[14,252,253,254,257,258,126],{},"\n    There are only a few irregular participles, but you will use them all the time: every compound tense is built\n    with one. Verbs built on the same root inherit the form: ",[18,255,256],{},"suponer → supuesto",", like\n    ",[18,259,260],{},"poner → puesto",[128,262],{"id":224,"rule":263,"tense":264,"title":250},"The participle is used in every compound tense: he hecho, había dicho, habré visto.","participio",[128,266],{"id":166,"rule":267,"tense":264,"title":168},"The accent shows that the i is a separate syllable: leído, oído. These participles are regular.",[10,269,12,270,12,273],{},[102,271,272],{"id":89},"Irregular gerunds",[14,274,275,276,68,279,282],{},"The gerund is used with estar for actions in progress: ",[18,277,278],{},"estoy diciendo",[18,280,281],{},"está durmiendo",".",[128,284],{"id":224,"rule":285,"tense":286,"title":272},"-ir verbs with a stem change (diciendo, durmiendo), plus poder (pudiendo) and ir (yendo).","gerundio",[128,288],{"id":166,"rule":289,"tense":286,"title":168},"An i between vowels is written y: leyendo, oyendo, trayendo. It is the same -iendo ending.",[10,291,12,292,12,295],{},[102,293,294],{"id":93},"Irregular verbs in the subjunctive",[14,296,297],{},"\n    The present subjunctive comes almost entirely from the present yo form, so it adds very few new\n    irregularities: you need the yo form and six exceptions.\n  ",[128,299],{"id":300,"rule":301,"tense":302,"title":303},"fromYo","Take the present yo form, drop the -o and add the subjunctive ending. The quirk of the yo form stays: tengo → tenga.","subjuntivo","Rule: start from yo",[128,305],{"id":130,"rule":306,"tense":302,"title":307},"These six verbs have a yo form that doesn't end in -o, so learn their subjunctive by heart.","Exceptions: yo doesn't end in -o",[128,309],{"id":166,"rule":310,"tense":302,"title":168},"Only the letter changes, to keep the sound: llegue, busque, realice, dirija. That is not an irregularity.",[10,312,12,313,12,316],{},[102,314,315],{"id":97},"Irregular tú commands",[14,317,318,319,68,322,325,326,329,330,68,333,126],{},"\n    The affirmative tú command is usually the same as the él form of the present: ",[18,320,321],{},"habla",[18,323,324],{},"come",",\n    ",[18,327,328],{},"piensa",". There are only a few exceptions, and they are all short. Compound verbs add a written accent:\n    ",[18,331,332],{},"mantén",[18,334,335],{},"supón",[128,337],{"id":224,"rule":338,"tense":339,"title":340},"Normally the tú command is the same as the él form of the present (habla, piensa). These verbs are the exceptions.","imperativo","Short tú commands",[10,342,12,343,12,347,12,380],{},[102,344,346],{"id":345},"how-to-learn-spanish-irregular-verbs","How to learn Spanish irregular verbs",[348,349,51,350,51,356,51,366,12],"ol",{},[53,351,352,355],{},[198,353,354],{},"Learn them in groups, not one by one."," Verbs ending in -go or -zco, or with an e → ie change, follow the same pattern within their group.",[53,357,358,361,362,365],{},[198,359,360],{},"Memorize three forms of each verb:"," present yo, preterite yo and the past participle (",[18,363,364],{},"tengo, tuve, tenido","). Once you know these three, the other tenses come much more easily.",[53,367,368,371,372,375,376,379],{},[198,369,370],{},"Start with the most common ones."," ",[18,373,374],{},"Ser, estar, haber, tener, hacer, poder, decir"," and ",[18,377,378],{},"ir"," show up in almost every sentence.",[14,381,382,383,325,387,68,391,325,395,399,400,404,405,399,409,126],{},"\n    Rules for each tense: ",[56,384,386],{"href":385},"\u002Fen\u002Fpresente-present","Present",[56,388,390],{"href":389},"\u002Fen\u002Findefinido-past","Preterite (Indefinido)",[56,392,394],{"href":393},"\u002Fen\u002Ffuturo-simple-future","Future",[56,396,398],{"href":397},"\u002Fen\u002Fparticipio-past-participle","Past participle"," and\n    ",[56,401,403],{"href":402},"\u002Fen\u002Fsubjuntivo-presente-subjunctive","Present subjunctive",". Related:\n    ",[56,406,408],{"href":407},"\u002Fen\u002Fmost-common-spanish-verbs","the 100 most common Spanish verbs",[56,410,412],{"href":411},"\u002Fen\u002Fspanish-reflexive-verbs","Spanish reflexive verbs",{"title":414,"searchDepth":415,"depth":415,"links":416},"",2,[417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426],{"id":104,"depth":415,"text":105},{"id":67,"depth":415,"text":116},{"id":72,"depth":415,"text":173},{"id":77,"depth":415,"text":218},{"id":232,"depth":415,"text":233},{"id":249,"depth":415,"text":250},{"id":89,"depth":415,"text":272},{"id":93,"depth":415,"text":294},{"id":97,"depth":415,"text":315},{"id":345,"depth":415,"text":346},"46 common Spanish irregular verbs in one table with the irregular forms highlighted, plus every irregular pattern by tense: present, preterite, future, participle, gerund, subjunctive and commands.","md",{"keywords":430,"faq":437},[431,432,433,434,435,436],"spanish irregular verbs","spanish irregular verbs list","spanish irregular verbs preterite","irregular preterite spanish","spanish verbs with irregular yo forms","verbos irregulares",[438,441,444,447,450],{"q":439,"a":440},"What makes a Spanish verb irregular?","A verb is irregular when its stem or ending changes in at least one tense, not just a letter. For example, tener: tengo, tuve, tendré. The most common irregular verbs are ser, estar, haber, tener, hacer, poder, decir and ir.",{"q":442,"a":443},"Which tense has the most irregular verbs?","The present and the preterite. The imperfect has only three irregular verbs: ser (era), ir (iba) and ver (veía). In the future and conditional, twelve verbs from this list change only their stem; the endings stay regular.",{"q":445,"a":446},"Are leer and creer irregular?","Strictly speaking, no. In leyó, creyó and leyendo an i between vowels is written y, and in leído and creído the accent marks a separate syllable. These are spelling rules; the endings are regular.",{"q":448,"a":449},"Are llegué, busqué and empecé irregular forms?","No. The letter changes before e to keep the sound: g → gu, c → qu, z → c. These forms follow the regular pattern. Empezar is irregular in the present (empiezo), but not in the preterite.",{"q":451,"a":452},"What is the best way to learn Spanish irregular verbs?","Learn them in groups: verbs with the same irregularity change the same way. Start with the most common ones (ser, estar, tener, hacer, ir) and memorize three forms of each: present yo, preterite yo and the past participle.",true,"\u002Fverbos-irregulares\u002Fen",{"title":5,"description":427},"verbos-irregulares\u002Fen","a9AVlfB5bI03s5aLZm-Lz611MU0zHdATgw3ylpmKrng",1791896320150]