[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2758},["ShallowReactive",2],{"subjuntivo-en":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":2723,"extension":2724,"meta":2725,"navigation":2753,"path":2754,"seo":2755,"stem":2756,"__hash__":2757},"content\u002Fsubjuntivo\u002Fen.md","Spanish Subjunctive: When to Use It (Triggers + Practice)",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":2697},"minimark",[9,143,163,434,790,1181,1500,1638,1647,1651,2198,2544,2644,2662,2668],[10,11,12,13,12,50,12,69,12,72],"section",{},"\n  ",[14,15,16,17,21,22,26,27,30,31,34,35,42,43,49],"p",{},"\n    The ",[18,19,20],"strong",{},"Spanish subjunctive"," (",[23,24,25],"em",{},"el subjuntivo",", or ",[23,28,29],{},"modo subjuntivo",") is a mood, not a\n    tense. The indicative presents an action as a fact; the subjunctive presents it as something someone wants,\n    doubts, feels something about or judges, or as something that hasn't happened yet. It usually appears in a\n    dependent clause after ",[18,32,33],{},"que",", when the main clause expresses a wish, an emotion, a doubt or an\n    opinion. Compare ",[23,36,37,38,41],{},"Sé que ",[18,39,40],{},"vienes","."," (I know you're coming: a fact) with ",[23,44,45,46,41],{},"Quiero que\n    ",[18,47,48],{},"vengas"," (I want you to come: a wish). English has a subjunctive too, but you rarely notice\n    it: \"if I were you,\" \"I suggest that he be on time.\" In Spanish it shows up in almost every conversation, which\n    is why it feels like the big hurdle for English speakers.\n  ",[14,51,52,53,56,57,60,61,64,65,68],{},"\n    In everyday Spanish there are four subjunctive tenses: the present (",[23,54,55],{},"presente","), the present perfect\n    (",[23,58,59],{},"pretérito perfecto","), the imperfect (",[23,62,63],{},"pretérito imperfecto",") and the past perfect\n    (",[23,66,67],{},"pluscuamperfecto","). They all share the same triggers, so the real question isn't which form to use but\n    when to use the subjunctive in Spanish at all. This page answers it step by step: subjunctive vs indicative side by\n    side, the six WEIRDO triggers, lists of expressions that take the subjunctive and the ones that don't,\n    conjunctions, relative clauses, a quiz, a cheat sheet of the present subjunctive forms, the sequence of tenses and\n    the most common mistakes.\n  ",[14,70,71],{},"On this page:",[73,74,75,76,75,85,75,92,75,99,75,110,75,117,75,124,75,130,75,137,12],"ul",{},"\n    ",[77,78,79,84],"li",{},[80,81,83],"a",{"href":82},"#que-es","Subjunctive vs indicative",": what's the difference;",[77,86,87,91],{},[80,88,90],{"href":89},"#usos","when to use the subjunctive",": the 6 WEIRDO triggers;",[77,93,94,98],{},[80,95,97],{"href":96},"#expresiones","list of expressions"," with the subjunctive and with the indicative;",[77,100,101,105,106,109],{},[80,102,104],{"href":103},"#conjunciones","conjunctions",": ",[23,107,108],{},"cuando, para que, aunque"," and more;",[77,111,112,116],{},[80,113,115],{"href":114},"#relativas","unknown or nonexistent people and things",";",[77,118,119,123],{},[80,120,122],{"href":121},"#ejercicio","practice quiz",": indicative or subjunctive?",[77,125,126,116],{},[80,127,129],{"href":128},"#formacion","how to form the present subjunctive",[77,131,132,136],{},[80,133,135],{"href":134},"#tiempos","the four subjunctive tenses"," and the sequence of tenses;",[77,138,139,41],{},[80,140,142],{"href":141},"#errores","common mistakes",[14,144,145,157,158],{},[80,146,156],{"href":147,"className":148},"\u002Fdashboard",[149,150,151,152,153,154,155],"btn","btn-primary","btn-lg","px-4","py-2","d-inline-block","mb-4","Practice the subjunctive"," ",[80,159,162],{"href":121,"className":160},[149,161,151,152,153,154,155],"btn-outline-secondary","Jump to the quiz ↓",[10,164,12,165,12,170,12,181,12,348,12,351,12,357,12,398],{},[166,167,169],"h2",{"id":168},"que-es","Spanish subjunctive vs indicative: what's the difference",[14,171,172,173,176,177,180],{},"\n    The indicative (",[23,174,175],{},"indicativo",") is the mood of reality: what you know, what you believe is true, what you\n    state. The subjunctive (",[23,178,179],{},"subjuntivo",") is the mood of everything else: what is unreal or unknown, what\n    someone wants, what you judge or react to, and what is still in the future and hasn't happened yet. The same verb\n    switches mood as soon as the speaker's attitude changes. Here are six pairs of Spanish subjunctive examples next to\n    their indicative counterparts:\n  ",[182,183,75,184,12],"div",{},[185,186,187,188,187,206,75],"table",{},"\n      ",[189,190,191,192,187],"thead",{},"\n        ",[193,194,195,196,195,200,195,203,191],"tr",{},"\n          ",[197,198,199],"th",{},"Indicative (fact)",[197,201,202],{},"Subjunctive (not a fact)",[197,204,205],{},"What changes",[207,208,191,209,191,231,191,255,191,279,191,303,191,325,187],"tbody",{},[193,210,195,211,195,220,195,228,191],{},[212,213,214,219],"td",{},[23,215,37,216,218],{},[18,217,40],{}," mañana."," (I know you're coming tomorrow.)",[212,221,222,227],{},[23,223,224,225,218],{},"Quiero que ",[18,226,48],{}," (I want you to come tomorrow.)",[212,229,230],{},"Knowing → wanting",[193,232,195,233,195,243,195,252,191],{},[212,234,235,242],{},[23,236,237,238,241],{},"Creo que ",[18,239,240],{},"tiene"," razón."," (I think he's right.)",[212,244,245,251],{},[23,246,247,248,241],{},"No creo que ",[18,249,250],{},"tenga"," (I don't think he's right.)",[212,253,254],{},"Stating an opinion → denying it",[193,256,195,257,195,267,195,276,191],{},[212,258,259,266],{},[23,260,261,262,265],{},"Es verdad que ",[18,263,264],{},"habla"," inglés."," (It's true that she speaks English.)",[212,268,269,275],{},[23,270,271,272,265],{},"Es posible que ",[18,273,274],{},"hable"," (It's possible that she speaks English.)",[212,277,278],{},"Certainty → possibility",[193,280,195,281,195,291,195,300,191],{},[212,282,283,290],{},[23,284,285,286,289],{},"Cuando ",[18,287,288],{},"llego"," a casa, ceno."," (When I get home, I have dinner.)",[212,292,293,299],{},[23,294,285,295,298],{},[18,296,297],{},"llegue"," a casa, cenaré."," (When I get home, I'll have dinner.)",[212,301,302],{},"A habit → the future",[193,304,195,305,195,314,195,322,191],{},[212,306,307,313],{},[23,308,309,310,312],{},"Vivo en un piso que ",[18,311,240],{}," terraza."," (I live in an apartment that has a terrace.)",[212,315,316,321],{},[23,317,318,319,312],{},"Busco un piso que ",[18,320,250],{}," (I'm looking for an apartment that has a terrace.)",[212,323,324],{},"A specific, known thing → an unknown one, any one that fits",[193,326,195,327,195,337,195,345,191],{},[212,328,329,336],{},[23,330,331,332,335],{},"Aunque ",[18,333,334],{},"llueve",", voy a salir."," (Even though it's raining, I'm going out.)",[212,338,339,344],{},[23,340,331,341,335],{},[18,342,343],{},"llueva"," (Even if it rains, I'm going out.)",[212,346,347],{},"A fact (it is raining) → a hypothesis (even if it rains)",[14,349,350],{},"\n    Look at rows 4 and 5: the English translations use the same verb form in both columns (\"when I get home,\" \"that\n    has a terrace\"), but Spanish switches mood. That's why translating word for word doesn't help here. Instead of\n    asking \"what would English say?\", ask \"is this a fact I'm stating, or not?\"\n  ",[14,352,353,356],{},[18,354,355],{},"The golden rule."," A typical subjunctive sentence has three ingredients:",[358,359,75,360,75,376,75,392,12],"ol",{},[77,361,362,367,368,371,372,375],{},[18,363,364,365],{},"Two clauses joined by ",[23,366,33],{}," (or by a conjunction such as ",[23,369,370],{},"para que"," or ",[23,373,374],{},"cuando","). The subjunctive goes in the second one, the dependent clause.",[77,377,378,157,381,384,385,388,389],{},[18,379,380],{},"A different subject in each clause:",[23,382,383],{},"yo quiero"," + ",[23,386,387],{},"tú vienes"," → ",[23,390,391],{},"Quiero que vengas.",[77,393,394,397],{},[18,395,396],{},"A trigger in the main clause:"," a verb or expression of wishing, emotion, doubt or judgment.",[14,399,400,401,407,408,413,414,421,422,429,430,433],{},"\n    If there is only one subject, use the infinitive instead: ",[23,402,403,404,41],{},"Quiero ",[18,405,406],{},"viajar"," (I want to\n    travel.) \u002F ",[23,409,224,410,41],{},[18,411,412],{},"viajes"," (I want you to travel.); ",[23,415,416,417,420],{},"Espero ",[18,418,419],{},"llegar","\n    pronto."," (I hope to arrive soon.) \u002F ",[23,423,424,425,428],{},"Espero que ",[18,426,427],{},"llegues"," pronto."," (I hope you arrive\n    soon.) English makes a similar switch, from \"I want to\" to \"I want you to.\" In Spanish, \"I want you to...\" is\n    always ",[23,431,432],{},"quiero que"," + subjunctive.\n  ",[10,435,12,436,12,440,12,473,12,709,12,718,12,773],{},[166,437,439],{"id":438},"usos","When to use the subjunctive in Spanish: the 6 WEIRDO triggers",[14,441,442,443,446,447,105,449,452,453,456,457,460,461,464,465,468,469,472],{},"\n    Most high school and college Spanish courses in the US teach the Spanish subjunctive triggers with the acronym\n    ",[18,444,445],{},"WEIRDO",". Each letter stands for a type of main clause that sets off the subjunctive in the clause\n    after ",[23,448,33],{},[18,450,451],{},"W","ishes, ",[18,454,455],{},"E","motions, ",[18,458,459],{},"I","mpersonal expressions,\n    ",[18,462,463],{},"R","ecommendations, ",[18,466,467],{},"D","oubt and denial, and ",[18,470,471],{},"O","jalá. What the six\n    have in common: the speaker isn't reporting a fact but reacting to an idea, pushing someone to act or questioning\n    whether something is true.\n  ",[182,474,75,475,12],{},[185,476,187,477,187,490,75],{},[189,478,191,479,187],{},[193,480,195,481,195,484,195,487,191],{},[197,482,483],{},"Trigger",[197,485,486],{},"Typical expressions",[197,488,489],{},"Example",[207,491,191,492,191,530,191,568,191,606,191,648,191,686,187],{},[193,493,195,494,195,503,195,521,191],{},[212,495,496,498,499,502],{},[18,497,451],{}," - Wishes (",[23,500,501],{},"deseos",")",[212,504,505,508,509,512,513,516,517,520],{},[23,506,507],{},"querer que"," (to want), ",[23,510,511],{},"desear que"," (to wish), ",[23,514,515],{},"esperar que"," (to hope), ",[23,518,519],{},"preferir que"," (to prefer)",[212,522,523,529],{},[23,524,424,525,528],{},[18,526,527],{},"tengas"," un buen viaje."," (I hope you have a good trip.)",[193,531,195,532,195,540,195,558,191],{},[212,533,534,536,537,502],{},[18,535,455],{}," - Emotions (",[23,538,539],{},"emociones",[212,541,542,545,546,549,550,553,554,557],{},[23,543,544],{},"me alegra que"," (I'm glad that), ",[23,547,548],{},"me molesta que"," (it bothers me that), ",[23,551,552],{},"tener miedo de que"," (to be afraid that), ",[23,555,556],{},"sentir que"," (to be sorry that)",[212,559,560,567],{},[23,561,562,563,566],{},"Me alegra que ",[18,564,565],{},"estés"," aquí."," (I'm glad you're here.)",[193,569,195,570,195,578,195,596,191],{},[212,571,572,574,575,502],{},[18,573,459],{}," - Impersonal expressions (",[23,576,577],{},"expresiones impersonales",[212,579,580,583,584,587,588,591,592,595],{},[23,581,582],{},"es importante que"," (it's important that), ",[23,585,586],{},"es necesario que"," (it's necessary that), ",[23,589,590],{},"es mejor que"," (it's better that), ",[23,593,594],{},"es posible que"," (it's possible that)",[212,597,598,605],{},[23,599,600,601,604],{},"Es importante que ",[18,602,603],{},"duermas"," bien."," (It's important for you to sleep well.)",[193,607,195,608,195,616,195,638,191],{},[212,609,610,612,613,502],{},[18,611,463],{}," - Recommendations: advice, requests and commands (",[23,614,615],{},"consejos, peticiones, órdenes",[212,617,618,621,622,625,626,629,630,633,634,637],{},[23,619,620],{},"recomendar que"," (to recommend), ",[23,623,624],{},"pedir que"," (to ask), ",[23,627,628],{},"aconsejar que"," (to advise), ",[23,631,632],{},"decir que"," (to tell someone to), ",[23,635,636],{},"prohibir que"," (to forbid)",[212,639,640,647],{},[23,641,642,643,646],{},"Te recomiendo que ",[18,644,645],{},"pruebes"," la paella."," (I recommend you try the paella.)",[193,649,195,650,195,658,195,676,191],{},[212,651,652,654,655,502],{},[18,653,467],{}," - Doubt and denial (",[23,656,657],{},"duda y negación",[212,659,660,663,664,667,668,671,672,675],{},[23,661,662],{},"dudar que"," (to doubt), ",[23,665,666],{},"no creer que"," (not to believe), ",[23,669,670],{},"no pensar que"," (not to think), ",[23,673,674],{},"no es cierto que"," (it's not true that)",[212,677,678,685],{},[23,679,680,681,684],{},"Dudo que ",[18,682,683],{},"lleguen"," a tiempo."," (I doubt they'll get there on time.)",[193,687,195,688,195,693,195,699,191],{},[212,689,690,692],{},[18,691,471],{}," - Ojalá",[212,694,695,698],{},[23,696,697],{},"ojalá (que)"," (hopefully, I hope)",[212,700,701,708],{},[23,702,703,704,707],{},"Ojalá ",[18,705,706],{},"haga"," buen tiempo mañana."," (Hopefully the weather will be nice tomorrow.)",[14,710,75,711,714,715,717],{},[23,712,713],{},"Ojalá"," comes from Arabic and originally meant \"if God wills.\" It's the only WEIRDO trigger that isn't built\n    on a verb, and it always takes the subjunctive, with or without ",[23,716,33],{},". Two triggers need a closer look:\n  ",[73,719,75,720,75,740,12],{},[77,721,187,722,724,725,732,733,739],{},[18,723,632],{}," has two meanings. When it reports information, use the indicative:\n      ",[23,726,727,728,731],{},"Dice que ",[18,729,730],{},"está"," cansada."," (She says she's tired.) When it passes on an order, use the\n      subjunctive: ",[23,734,735,736,41],{},"Dice que la ",[18,737,738],{},"llames"," (She says to call her.) English draws the same line:\n      \"she says she is\" vs \"she says to.\"\n    ",[77,741,187,742,745,746,752,753,758,759,762,763,766,767,772],{},[18,743,744],{},"quizás \u002F tal vez \u002F probablemente"," (maybe, perhaps, probably) can take either mood. The\n      subjunctive sounds more doubtful: ",[23,747,748,749,218],{},"Quizás ",[18,750,751],{},"venga"," (Maybe he'll come tomorrow,\n      but I'm not counting on it.) vs ",[23,754,748,755,218],{},[18,756,757],{},"viene"," (Maybe he's coming tomorrow; it's\n      quite likely.) ",[23,760,761],{},"Quizá"," without the -s is just as correct. After ",[18,764,765],{},"a lo mejor"," (maybe), use\n      only the indicative: ",[23,768,769,770,218],{},"A lo mejor ",[18,771,757],{}," (Maybe he's coming tomorrow.)\n    ",[14,774,775,776,778,779,781,782,785,786,789],{},"\n    WEIRDO is a great starting point, but it doesn't cover two big groups of triggers: conjunctions such as\n    ",[23,777,370],{}," and ",[23,780,374],{}," (see ",[80,783,784],{"href":103},"conjunctions with the subjunctive","), and\n    descriptions of people or things you don't know exist (see ",[80,787,788],{"href":114},"unknown or nonexistent people and\n    things","). Both are explained below.\n  ",[10,791,12,792,12,796,12,806,12,811,12,1024,12,1028,12,1147],{},[166,793,795],{"id":794},"expresiones","List of expressions that take the subjunctive (and the indicative)",[14,797,798,799,801,802,805],{},"\n    Here are the expressions you'll use most often, grouped by meaning, followed by the ones that look similar but\n    take the indicative. Learn them in pairs: it's easier to remember ",[23,800,594],{}," + subjunctive next to\n    ",[23,803,804],{},"es verdad que"," + indicative than to memorize each one on its own.\n  ",[807,808,810],"h3",{"id":809},"expressions-that-take-the-subjunctive","Expressions that take the subjunctive",[182,812,75,813,12],{},[185,814,187,815,187,825,75],{},[189,816,191,817,187],{},[193,818,195,819,195,822,191],{},[197,820,821],{},"Group",[197,823,824],{},"Expressions",[207,826,191,827,191,849,191,890,191,931,191,960,191,999,187],{},[193,828,195,829,195,835,191],{},[212,830,831,832,502],{},"Wishes (",[23,833,834],{},"deseo",[212,836,837,508,839,512,841,516,843,845,846,848],{},[23,838,507],{},[23,840,511],{},[23,842,515],{},[23,844,519],{}," (to prefer), ",[23,847,697],{}," (hopefully)",[193,850,195,851,195,857,191],{},[212,852,853,854,502],{},"Influence: advice, requests and commands (",[23,855,856],{},"influencia",[212,858,859,625,861,633,863,621,865,629,867,870,871,874,875,877,878,881,882,885,886,889],{},[23,860,624],{},[23,862,632],{},[23,864,620],{},[23,866,628],{},[23,868,869],{},"sugerir que"," (to suggest), ",[23,872,873],{},"exigir que"," (to demand), ",[23,876,636],{}," (to forbid), ",[23,879,880],{},"permitir que"," (to allow), ",[23,883,884],{},"necesitar que"," (to need someone to), ",[23,887,888],{},"insistir en que"," (to insist)",[193,891,195,892,195,898,191],{},[212,893,894,895,502],{},"Emotion (",[23,896,897],{},"emoción",[212,899,900,903,904,907,908,911,912,549,914,917,918,553,920,922,923,926,927,930],{},[23,901,902],{},"alegrarse de que"," (to be glad that), ",[23,905,906],{},"me gusta que"," (I like it when), ",[23,909,910],{},"me encanta que"," (I love it that), ",[23,913,548],{},[23,915,916],{},"me preocupa que"," (it worries me that), ",[23,919,552],{},[23,921,556],{}," (to be sorry that), ",[23,924,925],{},"es una pena que"," (it's a pity that), ",[23,928,929],{},"qué bien que"," (how nice that)",[193,932,195,933,195,938,191],{},[212,934,935,936,502],{},"Doubt and denial (",[23,937,657],{},[212,939,940,663,942,667,944,671,946,949,950,953,954,957,958,675],{},[23,941,662],{},[23,943,666],{},[23,945,670],{},[23,947,948],{},"no parecer que"," (not to seem), ",[23,951,952],{},"no estar seguro de que"," (not to be sure), ",[23,955,956],{},"no es verdad que"," (it's not true that), ",[23,959,674],{},[193,961,195,962,195,968,191],{},[212,963,964,965,502],{},"Value judgments: impersonal expressions (",[23,966,967],{},"valoración",[212,969,970,972,973,975,976,978,979,982,983,986,987,990,991,994,995,998],{},[23,971,582],{}," (it's important), ",[23,974,586],{}," (it's necessary), ",[23,977,590],{}," (it's better), ",[23,980,981],{},"es normal que"," (it's normal), ",[23,984,985],{},"es raro que"," (it's strange), ",[23,988,989],{},"es lógico que"," (it makes sense), ",[23,992,993],{},"es increíble que"," (it's incredible), ",[23,996,997],{},"es una lástima que"," (it's a shame)",[193,1000,195,1001,195,1007,191],{},[212,1002,1003,1004,502],{},"Possibility (",[23,1005,1006],{},"posibilidad",[212,1008,1009,1011,1012,1015,1016,1019,1020,1023],{},[23,1010,594],{}," (it's possible), ",[23,1013,1014],{},"es probable que"," (it's likely), ",[23,1017,1018],{},"puede (ser) que"," (it may be that), ",[23,1021,1022],{},"es imposible que"," (it's impossible)",[807,1025,1027],{"id":1026},"expressions-with-the-indicative-that-are-easy-to-confuse","Expressions with the indicative that are easy to confuse",[182,1029,75,1030,12],{},[185,1031,187,1032,187,1041,75],{},[189,1033,191,1034,187],{},[193,1035,195,1036,195,1039,191],{},[197,1037,1038],{},"Expression",[197,1040,489],{},[207,1042,191,1043,191,1060,191,1077,191,1095,191,1113,191,1130,187],{},[193,1044,195,1045,195,1051,191],{},[212,1046,1047,1050],{},[23,1048,1049],{},"creo que, pienso que, me parece que"," (I think, I believe, it seems to me)",[212,1052,1053,1059],{},[23,1054,237,1055,1058],{},[18,1056,1057],{},"es"," una buena idea."," (I think it's a good idea.)",[193,1061,195,1062,195,1068,191],{},[212,1063,1064,1067],{},[23,1065,1066],{},"estoy seguro de que"," (I'm sure that)",[212,1069,1070,1076],{},[23,1071,1072,1073,41],{},"Estoy seguro de que lo ",[18,1074,1075],{},"sabe"," (I'm sure he knows.)",[193,1078,195,1079,195,1085,191],{},[212,1080,1081,1084],{},[23,1082,1083],{},"es verdad que, es cierto que"," (it's true that)",[212,1086,1087,1094],{},[23,1088,1089,1090,1093],{},"Es cierto que ",[18,1091,1092],{},"hace"," frío."," (It's true that it's cold.)",[193,1096,195,1097,195,1103,191],{},[212,1098,1099,1102],{},[23,1100,1101],{},"es obvio que, está claro que, es evidente que"," (it's obvious, it's clear, it's evident that)",[212,1104,1105,1112],{},[23,1106,1107,1108,1111],{},"Está claro que no ",[18,1109,1110],{},"quiere"," venir."," (It's clear she doesn't want to come.)",[193,1114,195,1115,195,1121,191],{},[212,1116,1117,1120],{},[23,1118,1119],{},"saber que"," (to know that)",[212,1122,1123,1129],{},[23,1124,37,1125,1128],{},[18,1126,1127],{},"tienes"," prisa."," (I know you're in a hurry.)",[193,1131,195,1132,195,1138,191],{},[212,1133,1134,1137],{},[23,1135,1136],{},"no hay duda de que"," (there's no doubt that)",[212,1139,1140,1146],{},[23,1141,1142,1143,1145],{},"No hay duda de que ",[18,1144,1057],{}," el mejor."," (There's no doubt he's the best.)",[14,1148,1149,1150,1153,1154,1157,1158,1160,1161,1163,1164,1167,1168,1174,1175,1180],{},"\n    Negation flips the choice. ",[23,1151,1152],{},"Creo que es"," becomes ",[23,1155,1156],{},"no creo que sea",": once you deny the belief, it's\n    no longer a fact you're stating. In the same way, ",[23,1159,956],{}," takes the subjunctive, even though\n    ",[23,1162,804],{}," takes the indicative. It works the other way too: ",[23,1165,1166],{},"no dudo que"," (I don't doubt that)\n    means you're sure, so it usually takes the indicative. In questions, both moods are possible:\n    ",[23,1169,1170,1171,1173],{},"¿Crees que ",[18,1172,1057],{}," verdad?"," (Do you think it's true?) is a neutral question, while\n    ",[23,1176,1170,1177,1173],{},[18,1178,1179],{},"sea"," (Do you think it could really be true?) shows more doubt.\n  ",[10,1182,12,1183,12,1187,12,1197,12,1369,12,1380,12,1384,12,1417,12,1462,12,1477],{},[166,1184,1186],{"id":1185},"conjunciones","Conjunctions with the subjunctive: cuando, para que, aunque...",[14,1188,1189,1190,371,1193,1196],{},"\n    Conjunctions are the second big group of triggers. Some of them always take the subjunctive. Others, mostly\n    conjunctions of time, depend on the meaning: they take the indicative for facts, habits and the past, and the\n    subjunctive for the future and for hypotheses. This is where English speakers slip most often, because English\n    uses the present tense in both cases: \"when I have time\" can be ",[23,1191,1192],{},"cuando tengo tiempo",[23,1194,1195],{},"cuando tenga\n    tiempo",", depending on whether you mean \"whenever\" or \"at some point in the future.\"\n  ",[182,1198,75,1199,12],{},[185,1200,187,1201,187,1214,75],{},[189,1202,191,1203,187],{},[193,1204,195,1205,195,1208,195,1211,191],{},[197,1206,1207],{},"Conjunction",[197,1209,1210],{},"With the indicative (fact, habit, past)",[197,1212,1213],{},"With the subjunctive (future, hypothesis)",[207,1215,191,1216,191,1240,191,1266,191,1291,191,1318,191,1343,187],{},[193,1217,195,1218,195,1223,195,1232,191],{},[212,1219,1220,1222],{},[23,1221,374],{}," (when)",[212,1224,1225,1231],{},[23,1226,285,1227,1230],{},[18,1228,1229],{},"tengo"," tiempo, leo."," (When I have time, I read.)",[212,1233,1234,1239],{},[23,1235,285,1236,1238],{},[18,1237,250],{}," tiempo, te llamaré."," (When I have time, I'll call you.)",[193,1241,195,1242,195,1248,195,1258,191],{},[212,1243,1244,1247],{},[23,1245,1246],{},"en cuanto \u002F tan pronto como"," (as soon as)",[212,1249,1250,1257],{},[23,1251,1252,1253,1256],{},"En cuanto ",[18,1254,1255],{},"llega"," a casa, se ducha."," (As soon as he gets home, he takes a shower.)",[212,1259,1260,1265],{},[23,1261,1252,1262,1264],{},[18,1263,297],{}," a casa, te aviso."," (As soon as I get home, I'll let you know.)",[193,1267,195,1268,195,1274,195,1283,191],{},[212,1269,1270,1273],{},[23,1271,1272],{},"hasta que"," (until)",[212,1275,1276,1282],{},[23,1277,1278,1279,41],{},"Esperé hasta que ",[18,1280,1281],{},"llegó"," (I waited until he arrived.)",[212,1284,1285,1290],{},[23,1286,1287,1288,41],{},"Espera hasta que ",[18,1289,297],{}," (Wait until he arrives.)",[193,1292,195,1293,195,1299,195,1309,191],{},[212,1294,1295,1298],{},[23,1296,1297],{},"después de que"," (after)",[212,1300,1301,1308],{},[23,1302,1303,1304,1307],{},"Después de que se ",[18,1305,1306],{},"fue",", limpiamos."," (After he left, we cleaned up.)",[212,1310,1311,1317],{},[23,1312,1303,1313,1316],{},[18,1314,1315],{},"vaya",", limpiaremos."," (After he leaves, we'll clean up.)",[193,1319,195,1320,195,1326,195,1334,191],{},[212,1321,1322,1325],{},[23,1323,1324],{},"aunque"," (although, even if)",[212,1327,1328,1333],{},[23,1329,331,1330,1332],{},[18,1331,730],{}," cansado, trabaja."," (Even though he's tired, he works.)",[212,1335,1336,1342],{},[23,1337,331,1338,1341],{},[18,1339,1340],{},"esté"," cansado, trabajará."," (Even if he's tired, he'll work.)",[193,1344,195,1345,195,1351,195,1361,191],{},[212,1346,1347,1350],{},[23,1348,1349],{},"mientras"," (while, as long as)",[212,1352,1353,1360],{},[23,1354,1355,1356,1359],{},"Mientras ",[18,1357,1358],{},"cocino",", escucho la radio."," (While I cook, I listen to the radio.)",[212,1362,1363,1368],{},[23,1364,1355,1365,1367],{},[18,1366,565],{}," aquí, no te faltará nada."," (As long as you're here, you'll have everything you need.)",[14,1370,1371,1372,1375,1376,1379],{},"\n    The rule: if the action in the clause hasn't happened yet because it's in the future, use the subjunctive. If it's\n    a habit or something that already happened, use the indicative. The main clause usually gives it away: a future\n    (",[23,1373,1374],{},"te llamaré",") or a command (",[23,1377,1378],{},"espera",") there points to the subjunctive after the conjunction.\n  ",[807,1381,1383],{"id":1382},"conjunctions-that-always-take-the-subjunctive","Conjunctions that always take the subjunctive",[14,1385,1386,1387,1390,1391,1393,1394,1397,1398,1400,1401,1404,1405,1408,1409,1412,1413,1416],{},"\n    These conjunctions always introduce something that hasn't happened yet, might not happen or doesn't happen at all\n    (",[23,1388,1389],{},"sin que","), so the subjunctive is automatic after them: ",[18,1392,370],{}," (so that), ",[18,1395,1396],{},"antes de que"," (before),\n    ",[18,1399,1389],{}," (without), ",[18,1402,1403],{},"a menos que"," (unless), ",[18,1406,1407],{},"a no ser que"," (unless),\n    ",[18,1410,1411],{},"con tal de que"," (provided that) and ",[18,1414,1415],{},"en caso de que"," (in case).\n  ",[73,1418,75,1419,75,1428,75,1437,75,1452,12],{},[77,1420,1421,1427],{},[23,1422,1423,1424,41],{},"Te lo explico para que lo ",[18,1425,1426],{},"entiendas"," (I'll explain it to you so that you understand it.)",[77,1429,1430,1436],{},[23,1431,1432,1433,41],{},"Llámame antes de que ",[18,1434,1435],{},"salgas"," (Call me before you leave.)",[77,1438,1439,1445,1446,1448,1449,41],{},[23,1440,1441,1442,41],{},"Salió sin que nadie lo ",[18,1443,1444],{},"viera"," (He left without anyone seeing him.) Here ",[23,1447,1444],{}," is the imperfect subjunctive because the main verb is in the past; see ",[80,1450,1451],{"href":134},"the sequence of tenses",[77,1453,1454,1461],{},[23,1455,1456,1457,1460],{},"Te ayudo con tal de que me ",[18,1458,1459],{},"invites"," a cenar."," (I'll help you, provided that you buy me dinner.)",[14,1463,1464,1465,1468,1469,1476],{},"\n    After ",[18,1466,1467],{},"porque"," (because), when you give a reason, use the indicative:\n    ",[23,1470,1471,1472,1475],{},"Estudio porque ",[18,1473,1474],{},"quiero"," vivir en España."," (I study because I want to live in Spain.)\n  ",[14,1478,1479,1480,1482,1483,1486,1487,371,1490,105,1493,1499],{},"\n    If both clauses have the same subject, drop ",[23,1481,33],{}," and use the infinitive after ",[23,1484,1485],{},"para",", ",[23,1488,1489],{},"antes\n    de",[23,1491,1492],{},"sin",[23,1494,1495,1496,41],{},"Estudio para ",[18,1497,1498],{},"aprobar"," (I study to pass.)\n  ",[10,1501,12,1502,12,1506,12,1516,12,1613],{},[166,1503,1505],{"id":1504},"relativas","The subjunctive with unknown or nonexistent people and things",[14,1507,1508,1509,1511,1512,1515],{},"\n    When a clause with ",[23,1510,33],{}," describes a noun (a relative clause), the mood depends on whether that person or\n    thing is real and known to you. If it definitely exists and you know which one you mean, use the indicative. If\n    you're looking for any one that fits, don't know whether one exists, or deny that it exists (",[23,1513,1514],{},"nadie, nada,\n    ningún","), use the subjunctive. Textbooks call the noun the antecedent, so you may see this rule as \"the\n    subjunctive with an unknown antecedent.\" English often marks the same difference with \"the\" vs \"a\" or with \"any\";\n    Spanish marks it with the verb.\n  ",[182,1517,75,1518,12],{},[185,1519,187,1520,187,1530,75],{},[189,1521,191,1522,187],{},[193,1523,195,1524,195,1527,191],{},[197,1525,1526],{},"Indicative (it exists, I know it)",[197,1528,1529],{},"Subjunctive (I don't know if it exists \u002F it doesn't exist)",[207,1531,191,1532,191,1551,191,1573,191,1593,187],{},[193,1533,195,1534,195,1543,191],{},[212,1535,1536,1542],{},[23,1537,1538,1539,1541],{},"Tengo un compañero que ",[18,1540,264],{}," chino."," (I have a coworker who speaks Chinese.)",[212,1544,1545,1550],{},[23,1546,1547,1548,1541],{},"Busco a alguien que ",[18,1549,274],{}," (I'm looking for someone who speaks Chinese.)",[193,1552,195,1553,195,1563,191],{},[212,1554,1555,1562],{},[23,1556,1557,1558,1561],{},"Hay un restaurante que ",[18,1559,1560],{},"abre"," los lunes."," (There's a restaurant that's open on Mondays.)",[212,1564,1565,1572],{},[23,1566,1567,1568,1571],{},"¿Hay algún restaurante que ",[18,1569,1570],{},"abra"," los lunes?"," (Is there any restaurant that's open on Mondays?)",[193,1574,195,1575,195,1584,191],{},[212,1576,1577,1583],{},[23,1578,1579,1580,1582],{},"Conozco a alguien que ",[18,1581,1075],{}," cocinar."," (I know someone who can cook.)",[212,1585,1586,1592],{},[23,1587,1588,1589,1582],{},"No conozco a nadie que ",[18,1590,1591],{},"sepa"," (I don't know anyone who can cook.)",[193,1594,195,1595,195,1604,191],{},[212,1596,1597,1603],{},[23,1598,1599,1600,41],{},"Vamos al bar que te ",[18,1601,1602],{},"gusta"," (Let's go to the bar you like.)",[212,1605,1606,1612],{},[23,1607,1608,1609,41],{},"Vamos a un bar que te ",[18,1610,1611],{},"guste"," (Let's go to a bar you'll like, any one.)",[14,1614,1615,1616,1486,1619,778,1622,105,1625,1631,1632,1637],{},"\n    The same goes for ",[23,1617,1618],{},"lo que",[23,1620,1621],{},"donde",[23,1623,1624],{},"como",[23,1626,1627,1628,41],{},"Haz lo que ",[18,1629,1630],{},"quieras","\n    (Do whatever you want.) vs ",[23,1633,1634,1635,41],{},"Hago lo que ",[18,1636,1474],{}," (I do what I want.)\n  ",[10,1639,12,1640,12,1644],{},[166,1641,1643],{"id":1642},"ejercicio","Spanish subjunctive practice: indicative or subjunctive?",[14,1645,1646],{},"\n    Time to check what you've learned. The quiz gives you 10 real-life sentences with a blank: choose the indicative\n    or the subjunctive form of the verb, and after each answer you'll see the rule that decides it. Every new round\n    picks sentences you haven't seen yet, so you can keep going until the triggers feel automatic.\n  ",[1648,1649],"tense-quiz",{"set":1650},"indicativo-subjuntivo",[10,1652,12,1653,12,1657,12,1690,12,1694,12,1796,12,1800,12,1815,12,1950,12,1954,12,1999,12,2084,12,2087,12,2162],{},[166,1654,1656],{"id":1655},"formacion","How to form the present subjunctive in Spanish",[14,1658,1659,1660,1663,1664,1667,1668,1671,1672,1674,1675,1486,1678,1486,1681,1684,1685,1689],{},"\n    Most subjunctive sentences you'll say use the present subjunctive (",[23,1661,1662],{},"presente de subjuntivo","), and it's\n    easier to form than it looks. Many US teachers sum it up as \"go to yo, drop the -o, add the opposite vowel\": take the\n    ",[23,1665,1666],{},"yo"," form of the present indicative, remove the -o and add the \"opposite\" vowel. Verbs ending in -ar get\n    endings with ",[18,1669,1670],{},"e",", and verbs ending in -er and -ir get endings with ",[18,1673,80],{},":\n    ",[23,1676,1677],{},"hablo → hable",[23,1679,1680],{},"como → coma",[23,1682,1683],{},"vivo → viva",". This section is a cheat sheet; the full rules\n    and more irregular verbs are in the ",[80,1686,1688],{"href":1687},"\u002Fen\u002Fsubjuntivo-presente-subjunctive","present subjunctive guide",".\n  ",[807,1691,1693],{"id":1692},"regular-verbs","Regular verbs",[182,1695,75,1696,12],{},[185,1697,187,1698,187,1714,75],{},[189,1699,191,1700,187],{},[193,1701,195,1702,195,1705,195,1708,195,1711,191],{},[197,1703,1704],{},"Person",[197,1706,1707],{},"hablar (to speak)",[197,1709,1710],{},"comer (to eat)",[197,1712,1713],{},"vivir (to live)",[207,1715,191,1716,191,1729,191,1743,191,1754,191,1768,191,1782,187],{},[193,1717,1718,1721,1723,1726],{},[212,1719,1720],{},"yo (I)",[212,1722,274],{},[212,1724,1725],{},"coma",[212,1727,1728],{},"viva",[193,1730,1731,1734,1737,1740],{},[212,1732,1733],{},"tú (you)",[212,1735,1736],{},"hables",[212,1738,1739],{},"comas",[212,1741,1742],{},"vivas",[193,1744,1745,1748,1750,1752],{},[212,1746,1747],{},"él \u002F ella \u002F usted (he, she, you formal)",[212,1749,274],{},[212,1751,1725],{},[212,1753,1728],{},[193,1755,1756,1759,1762,1765],{},[212,1757,1758],{},"nosotros \u002F nosotras (we)",[212,1760,1761],{},"hablemos",[212,1763,1764],{},"comamos",[212,1766,1767],{},"vivamos",[193,1769,1770,1773,1776,1779],{},[212,1771,1772],{},"vosotros \u002F vosotras (you all, Spain)",[212,1774,1775],{},"habléis",[212,1777,1778],{},"comáis",[212,1780,1781],{},"viváis",[193,1783,1784,1787,1790,1793],{},[212,1785,1786],{},"ellos \u002F ellas \u002F ustedes (they, you all)",[212,1788,1789],{},"hablen",[212,1791,1792],{},"coman",[212,1794,1795],{},"vivan",[807,1797,1799],{"id":1798},"an-irregular-yo-form-carries-over-to-the-subjunctive","An irregular yo form carries over to the subjunctive",[14,1801,1802,1803,1805,1806,1486,1808,1486,1811,1814],{},"\n    The \"go to yo\" rule is what makes many irregular verbs predictable in the subjunctive: whatever happens in the\n    ",[23,1804,1666],{}," form of the present (",[23,1807,1229],{},[23,1809,1810],{},"hago",[23,1812,1813],{},"conozco",") shows up in all six subjunctive\n    forms.\n  ",[182,1816,75,1817,12],{},[185,1818,187,1819,187,1832,75],{},[189,1820,191,1821,187],{},[193,1822,195,1823,195,1826,195,1829,191],{},[197,1824,1825],{},"Infinitive",[197,1827,1828],{},"Yo (present indicative)",[197,1830,1831],{},"Present subjunctive",[207,1833,191,1834,191,1848,191,1862,191,1877,191,1888,191,1903,191,1918,191,1929,191,1939,187],{},[193,1835,1836,1843,1845],{},[212,1837,1838,1842],{},[80,1839,1841],{"href":1840},"\u002Fen\u002Ftener-conjugation","tener"," (to have)",[212,1844,1229],{},[212,1846,1847],{},"tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan",[193,1849,1850,1857,1859],{},[212,1851,1852,1856],{},[80,1853,1855],{"href":1854},"\u002Fen\u002Fhacer-conjugation","hacer"," (to do, to make)",[212,1858,1810],{},[212,1860,1861],{},"haga, hagas, haga, hagamos, hagáis, hagan",[193,1863,1864,1871,1874],{},[212,1865,1866,1870],{},[80,1867,1869],{"href":1868},"\u002Fen\u002Fdecir-conjugation","decir"," (to say, to tell)",[212,1872,1873],{},"digo",[212,1875,1876],{},"diga, digas, diga, digamos, digáis, digan",[193,1878,1879,1882,1885],{},[212,1880,1881],{},"salir (to leave, to go out)",[212,1883,1884],{},"salgo",[212,1886,1887],{},"salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgáis, salgan",[193,1889,1890,1897,1900],{},[212,1891,1892,1896],{},[80,1893,1895],{"href":1894},"\u002Fen\u002Fvenir-conjugation","venir"," (to come)",[212,1898,1899],{},"vengo",[212,1901,1902],{},"venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengáis, vengan",[193,1904,1905,1912,1915],{},[212,1906,1907,1911],{},[80,1908,1910],{"href":1909},"\u002Fen\u002Fponer-conjugation","poner"," (to put)",[212,1913,1914],{},"pongo",[212,1916,1917],{},"ponga, pongas, ponga, pongamos, pongáis, pongan",[193,1919,1920,1923,1926],{},[212,1921,1922],{},"traer (to bring)",[212,1924,1925],{},"traigo",[212,1927,1928],{},"traiga, traigas, traiga, traigamos, traigáis, traigan",[193,1930,1931,1934,1936],{},[212,1932,1933],{},"conocer (to know, to meet)",[212,1935,1813],{},[212,1937,1938],{},"conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcáis, conozcan",[193,1940,1941,1944,1947],{},[212,1942,1943],{},"ver (to see)",[212,1945,1946],{},"veo",[212,1948,1949],{},"vea, veas, vea, veamos, veáis, vean",[807,1951,1953],{"id":1952},"six-irregular-verbs-dishes","Six irregular verbs (DISHES)",[14,1955,1956,1957,1959,1960,1963,1964,1674,1967,1969,1970,1972,1973,1976,1977,1980,1981,1983,1984,1986,1987,1990,1991,1994,1995,1998],{},"\n    Six verbs don't follow the \"go to yo\" rule at all, because their ",[23,1958,1666],{}," forms don't end in a plain -o (",[23,1961,1962],{},"doy, voy,\n    soy, he, estoy, sé","). American teachers group them with the acronym ",[18,1965,1966],{},"DISHES",[18,1968,467],{},"ar, ",[18,1971,459],{},"r, ",[18,1974,1975],{},"S","er, ",[18,1978,1979],{},"H","aber, ",[18,1982,455],{},"star,\n    ",[18,1985,1975],{},"aber. Watch the accents: ",[23,1988,1989],{},"dé"," has one to tell it apart from the preposition\n    ",[23,1992,1993],{},"de"," (of), and ",[23,1996,1997],{},"esté, estés, estén"," are stressed on the last syllable.\n  ",[182,2000,75,2001,12],{},[185,2002,187,2003,187,2011,75],{},[189,2004,191,2005,187],{},[193,2006,195,2007,195,2009,191],{},[197,2008,1825],{},[197,2010,1831],{},[207,2012,191,2013,191,2025,191,2037,191,2049,191,2061,191,2072,187],{},[193,2014,2015,2022],{},[212,2016,2017,2021],{},[80,2018,2020],{"href":2019},"\u002Fen\u002Fdar-conjugation","dar"," (to give)",[212,2023,2024],{},"dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den",[193,2026,2027,2034],{},[212,2028,2029,2033],{},[80,2030,2032],{"href":2031},"\u002Fen\u002Fir-conjugation","ir"," (to go)",[212,2035,2036],{},"vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan",[193,2038,2039,2046],{},[212,2040,2041,2045],{},[80,2042,2044],{"href":2043},"\u002Fen\u002Fser-conjugation","ser"," (to be)",[212,2047,2048],{},"sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis, sean",[193,2050,2051,2058],{},[212,2052,2053,2057],{},[80,2054,2056],{"href":2055},"\u002Fen\u002Fhaber-conjugation","haber"," (to have, auxiliary; there is)",[212,2059,2060],{},"haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan",[193,2062,2063,2069],{},[212,2064,2065,2045],{},[80,2066,2068],{"href":2067},"\u002Fen\u002Festar-conjugation","estar",[212,2070,2071],{},"esté, estés, esté, estemos, estéis, estén",[193,2073,2074,2081],{},[212,2075,2076,2080],{},[80,2077,2079],{"href":2078},"\u002Fen\u002Fsaber-conjugation","saber"," (to know)",[212,2082,2083],{},"sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan",[14,2085,2086],{},"Three more patterns cover almost every other verb you'll meet:",[73,2088,75,2089,75,2113,75,2139,12],{},[77,2090,2091,2094,2095,1486,2098,1486,2101,1486,2104,1486,2107,1486,2110,41],{},[18,2092,2093],{},"Spelling changes keep the sound"," (-car → -que, -gar → -gue, -zar → -ce): ",[23,2096,2097],{},"buscar → busque",[23,2099,2100],{},"llegar → llegue",[23,2102,2103],{},"empezar → empiece",[23,2105,2106],{},"pagar → pague",[23,2108,2109],{},"sacar → saque",[23,2111,2112],{},"jugar → juegue",[77,2114,2115,2118,2119,778,2122,2125,2126,2129,2130,2129,2133,2129,2136,41],{},[18,2116,2117],{},"Stem-changing verbs"," (\"boot verbs\") change their stem in every form except ",[23,2120,2121],{},"nosotros",[23,2123,2124],{},"vosotros",", just like in the present indicative: ",[23,2127,2128],{},"pensar → piense, pensemos","; ",[23,2131,2132],{},"poder → pueda, podamos",[23,2134,2135],{},"querer → quiera, queramos",[23,2137,2138],{},"volver → vuelva, volvamos",[77,2140,2141,2144,2145,778,2147,2149,2150,2129,2153,2129,2156,2129,2159,41],{},[18,2142,2143],{},"Stem-changing -ir verbs"," also change in ",[23,2146,2121],{},[23,2148,2124],{}," (e → i, o → u): ",[23,2151,2152],{},"pedir → pida, pidamos",[23,2154,2155],{},"sentir → sienta, sintamos",[23,2157,2158],{},"dormir → duerma, durmamos",[23,2160,2161],{},"morir → muera, muramos",[14,2163,2164,2165,2169,2170,1486,2173,2176,2177,2179,2180,2185,2186,2192,2193,2197],{},"\n    The full breakdown of irregular forms tense by tense is on the\n    ",[80,2166,2168],{"href":2167},"\u002Fen\u002Fspanish-irregular-verbs","Spanish irregular verbs"," page. One bonus: once you know the present\n    subjunctive, you already know most commands. Negative commands and the ",[23,2171,2172],{},"usted",[23,2174,2175],{},"ustedes"," and\n    ",[23,2178,2121],{}," commands use the same forms: ",[23,2181,2182,2183,41],{},"No ",[18,2184,1736],{}," (Don't talk.),\n    ",[23,2187,2188,2191],{},[18,2189,2190],{},"Hable"," usted."," (Go ahead and speak, formal.) More on that in the\n    ",[80,2194,2196],{"href":2195},"\u002Fen\u002Fimperativo-negative-commands","negative commands"," guide.\n  ",[10,2199,12,2200,12,2204,12,2207,12,2211,12,2331,12,2335,12,2338,12,2445,12,2454,12,2467,12,2520,12,2530],{},[166,2201,2203],{"id":2202},"tiempos","The four subjunctive tenses and the sequence of tenses",[14,2205,2206],{},"\n    The triggers decide whether you need the subjunctive; time decides which subjunctive tense. There are four in\n    everyday use, and the main verb of the sentence tells you which one to pick. (The RAE counts six subjunctive\n    tenses, but two of them, the future and the future perfect subjunctive, are archaic.)\n  ",[807,2208,2210],{"id":2209},"subjunctive-tenses","Subjunctive tenses",[182,2212,75,2213,12],{},[185,2214,187,2215,187,2230,75],{},[189,2216,191,2217,187],{},[193,2218,195,2219,195,2222,195,2225,195,2228,191],{},[197,2220,2221],{},"Tense",[197,2223,2224],{},"Form (hablar, yo)",[197,2226,2227],{},"When to use it",[197,2229,489],{},[207,2231,191,2232,191,2253,191,2278,191,2305,187],{},[193,2233,195,2234,195,2240,195,2242,195,2245,191],{},[212,2235,2236,21,2238,502],{},[80,2237,1831],{"href":1687},[23,2239,1662],{},[212,2241,274],{},[212,2243,2244],{},"Present or future actions",[212,2246,2247,2252],{},[23,2248,2249,2250,218],{},"Espero que me ",[18,2251,738],{}," (I hope you call me tomorrow.)",[193,2254,195,2255,195,2264,195,2267,195,2270,191],{},[212,2256,2257,21,2261,502],{},[80,2258,2260],{"href":2259},"\u002Fen\u002Fperfecto-subjuntivo-perfect-subjunctive","Present perfect subjunctive",[23,2262,2263],{},"pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo",[212,2265,2266],{},"haya hablado",[212,2268,2269],{},"An action that is already finished, by now or by a point in the future",[212,2271,2272,2277],{},[23,2273,424,2274,604],{},[18,2275,2276],{},"hayas llegado"," (I hope you got there safely.)",[193,2279,195,2280,195,2289,195,2292,195,2295,191],{},[212,2281,2282,21,2286,502],{},[80,2283,2285],{"href":2284},"\u002Fen\u002Fimperfect-subjunctive","Imperfect subjunctive",[23,2287,2288],{},"pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo",[212,2290,2291],{},"hablara \u002F hablase",[212,2293,2294],{},"After a main verb in the past or in the conditional; unreal conditions",[212,2296,2297,2304],{},[23,2298,2299,2300,2303],{},"Quería que ",[18,2301,2302],{},"vinieras"," a la fiesta."," (I wanted you to come to the party.)",[193,2306,195,2307,195,2316,195,2319,195,2322,191],{},[212,2308,2309,21,2313,502],{},[80,2310,2312],{"href":2311},"\u002Fen\u002Fpast-perfect-subjunctive","Past perfect subjunctive",[23,2314,2315],{},"pretérito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo",[212,2317,2318],{},"hubiera \u002F hubiese hablado",[212,2320,2321],{},"The unreal past, regrets",[212,2323,2324,2330],{},[23,2325,703,2326,2329],{},[18,2327,2328],{},"hubiera sabido"," la verdad."," (I wish I had known the truth.)",[807,2332,2334],{"id":2333},"sequence-of-tenses-concordancia","Sequence of tenses (concordancia)",[14,2336,2337],{},"\n    The tense of the main verb sets the tense of the subjunctive. A present, future or command in the main clause\n    goes with the present subjunctive; a past or conditional goes with the imperfect subjunctive:\n  ",[182,2339,75,2340,12],{},[185,2341,187,2342,187,2354,75],{},[189,2343,191,2344,187],{},[193,2345,195,2346,195,2349,195,2352,191],{},[197,2347,2348],{},"Main verb",[197,2350,2351],{},"Subjunctive",[197,2353,489],{},[207,2355,191,2356,191,2373,191,2391,191,2409,191,2427,187],{},[193,2357,195,2358,195,2363,195,2366,191],{},[212,2359,2360,2361,502],{},"Present (",[23,2362,1474],{},[212,2364,2365],{},"Present",[212,2367,2368,2372],{},[23,2369,224,2370,41],{},[18,2371,48],{}," (I want you to come.)",[193,2374,195,2375,195,2381,195,2383,191],{},[212,2376,2377,2378,502],{},"Future or command (",[23,2379,2380],{},"querré, di",[212,2382,2365],{},[212,2384,2385,2390],{},[23,2386,2387,2388,41],{},"Dile que ",[18,2389,751],{}," (Tell him to come.)",[193,2392,195,2393,195,2399,195,2401,191],{},[212,2394,2395,2396,502],{},"Present perfect (",[23,2397,2398],{},"he pedido",[212,2400,2365],{},[212,2402,2403,2408],{},[23,2404,2405,2406,41],{},"Le he pedido que ",[18,2407,751],{}," (I've asked him to come.)",[193,2410,195,2411,195,2417,195,2420,191],{},[212,2412,2413,2414,502],{},"Preterite or imperfect (",[23,2415,2416],{},"pedí, quería",[212,2418,2419],{},"Imperfect",[212,2421,2422,2426],{},[23,2423,2299,2424,41],{},[18,2425,2302],{}," (I wanted you to come.)",[193,2428,195,2429,195,2435,195,2437,191],{},[212,2430,2431,2432,502],{},"Conditional (",[23,2433,2434],{},"me gustaría",[212,2436,2419],{},[212,2438,2439,2444],{},[23,2440,2441,2442,41],{},"Me gustaría que ",[18,2443,2302],{}," (I'd like you to come.)",[14,2446,2447,2448,2453],{},"\n    If the action in the subjunctive clause has already happened, use the present perfect subjunctive after a present\n    main verb: ",[23,2449,562,2450,41],{},[18,2451,2452],{},"hayas venido"," (I'm glad you came.)\n  ",[14,2455,75,2456,2459,2460,2463,2464,2466],{},[18,2457,2458],{},"Conditions with si."," The present subjunctive never goes after ",[18,2461,2462],{},"si"," (if). Spanish\n    has three main types of ",[23,2465,2462],{}," clauses:\n  ",[73,2468,75,2469,75,2481,75,2501,12],{},[77,2470,2471,2477,2478,2480],{},[23,2472,2473,2474,2476],{},"Si ",[18,2475,1229],{}," tiempo, iré."," (If I have time, I'll go.) A real condition: ",[23,2479,2462],{}," + present indicative.",[77,2482,2483,2489,2490,2492,2493,21,2497,2500],{},[23,2484,2473,2485,2488],{},[18,2486,2487],{},"tuviera"," tiempo, iría."," (If I had time, I'd go.) An unlikely condition: ",[23,2491,2462],{}," + imperfect subjunctive → ",[80,2494,2496],{"href":2495},"\u002Fen\u002Fcondicional-simple-conditional","conditional",[23,2498,2499],{},"condicional simple",").",[77,2502,2503,2509,2510,2512,2513,21,2517,2500],{},[23,2504,2473,2505,2508],{},[18,2506,2507],{},"hubiera tenido"," tiempo, habría ido."," (If I had had time, I would have gone.) The unreal past: ",[23,2511,2462],{}," + past perfect subjunctive → ",[80,2514,2516],{"href":2515},"\u002Fen\u002Fcondicional-compuesto-conditional-perfect","conditional perfect",[23,2518,2519],{},"condicional compuesto",[14,2521,2522,2523,2525,2526,2529],{},"\n    The -ra and -se forms (",[23,2524,2291],{},") are interchangeable. The -ra forms are more common, especially\n    in Latin America, so learn those first. In the polite ",[23,2527,2528],{},"quisiera"," (I would like), only the -ra form is used.\n  ",[14,2531,2532,2533,105,2536,2539,2540,2543],{},"\n    The future subjunctive (",[23,2534,2535],{},"futuro de subjuntivo",[23,2537,2538],{},"hablare",") is archaic. Today you'll only find it in\n    legal texts and old sayings: ",[23,2541,2542],{},"Adonde fueres, haz lo que vieres."," (When in Rome, do as the Romans do.)\n  ",[10,2545,12,2546,12,2550,12,2553],{},[166,2547,2549],{"id":2548},"errores","Common mistakes with the Spanish subjunctive",[14,2551,2552],{},"\n    These seven mistakes account for most of the subjunctive errors English speakers make. An asterisk (*) marks the\n    incorrect version.\n  ",[358,2554,75,2555,75,2568,75,2581,75,2596,75,2606,75,2619,75,2629,12],{},[77,2556,2557,388,2560,2564,2565,2567],{},[23,2558,2559],{},"*Quiero que vienes.",[23,2561,224,2562,41],{},[18,2563,48],{}," (I want you to come.) A wish + ",[23,2566,33],{}," + a different subject always takes the subjunctive. English says \"I want you to come\" with an infinitive, so nothing in the English sentence hints that Spanish needs a special form.",[77,2569,2570,388,2573,2577,2578,2580],{},[23,2571,2572],{},"*Cuando tendré tiempo, te llamaré.",[23,2574,285,2575,1238],{},[18,2576,250],{}," (When I have time, I'll call you.) After ",[23,2579,374],{}," referring to the future, use the present subjunctive, never the future tense. English works the same way: \"when I have time,\" not \"when I will have time.\"",[77,2582,2583,388,2586,2591,2592,2595],{},[23,2584,2585],{},"*Creo que sea verdad.",[23,2587,237,2588,2590],{},[18,2589,1057],{}," verdad."," (I think it's true.) Affirmative ",[23,2593,2594],{},"creo que"," states your opinion, so it takes the indicative. This is a typical overcorrection once learners discover the subjunctive.",[77,2597,2598,388,2601,2605],{},[23,2599,2600],{},"*No creo que es verdad.",[23,2602,247,2603,2590],{},[18,2604,1179],{}," (I don't think it's true.) Denying an opinion takes the subjunctive.",[77,2607,2608,388,2611,2615,2616,2618],{},[23,2609,2610],{},"*Si tenga tiempo, iré.",[23,2612,2473,2613,2476],{},[18,2614,1229],{}," (If I have time, I'll go.) The present subjunctive never goes after ",[23,2617,2462],{},"; a real condition takes the present indicative.",[77,2620,2621,388,2624,2628],{},[23,2622,2623],{},"*Quiero que yo vaya.",[23,2625,403,2626,41],{},[18,2627,2032],{}," (I want to go.) When both verbs have the same subject, use the infinitive.",[77,2630,2631,388,2634,2638,2639,2641,2642,41],{},[23,2632,2633],{},"*Quería que vengas.",[23,2635,2299,2636,41],{},[18,2637,2302],{}," (I wanted you to come.) A main verb in the past takes the imperfect subjunctive. In casual Latin American speech you may hear ",[23,2640,48],{}," here, but the standard form is ",[23,2643,2302],{},[10,2645,12,2646],{},[14,2647,2648,2649,2651,2652,1486,2655,1486,2658,2661],{},"\n    How to learn the subjunctive: start with the triggers, not the forms. Learn the WEIRDO categories and the\n    ",[23,2650,374],{}," rule first, then the present subjunctive forms (the \"go to yo\" rule plus the six DISHES verbs), and\n    only then the sequence of tenses. Practice in contrasting pairs and say them out loud: ",[23,2653,2654],{},"creo que es \u002F no creo\n    que sea",[23,2656,2657],{},"es verdad que tiene \u002F es posible que tenga",[23,2659,2660],{},"cuando llego \u002F cuando llegue",". Once the\n    pairs sound natural to you, choosing the mood stops being a calculation and becomes a reflex.\n  ",[14,2663,2664],{},[80,2665,2667],{"href":147,"className":2666},[149,150,151,152,153,154,155],"Practice the Spanish subjunctive",[10,2669,12,2670],{},[14,2671,2672,2673,2677,2678,2677,2681,2677,2684,2677,2687,2691,2692,2696],{},"\n    Related: ",[80,2674,2676],{"href":2675},"\u002Fen\u002Fspanish-tenses","Spanish tenses chart",",\n    ",[80,2679,2680],{"href":1687},"present subjunctive",[80,2682,2683],{"href":2284},"imperfect subjunctive",[80,2685,2686],{"href":2167},"Spanish irregular verbs by tense",[80,2688,2690],{"href":2689},"\u002Fen\u002Fpreterite-vs-imperfect","Preterite vs Imperfect (with a quiz)"," and the full\n    ",[80,2693,2695],{"href":2694},"\u002Fen\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar"," index.\n  ",{"title":2698,"searchDepth":2699,"depth":2699,"links":2700},"",2,[2701,2702,2703,2708,2711,2712,2713,2718,2722],{"id":168,"depth":2699,"text":169},{"id":438,"depth":2699,"text":439},{"id":794,"depth":2699,"text":795,"children":2704},[2705,2707],{"id":809,"depth":2706,"text":810},3,{"id":1026,"depth":2706,"text":1027},{"id":1185,"depth":2699,"text":1186,"children":2709},[2710],{"id":1382,"depth":2706,"text":1383},{"id":1504,"depth":2699,"text":1505},{"id":1642,"depth":2699,"text":1643},{"id":1655,"depth":2699,"text":1656,"children":2714},[2715,2716,2717],{"id":1692,"depth":2706,"text":1693},{"id":1798,"depth":2706,"text":1799},{"id":1952,"depth":2706,"text":1953},{"id":2202,"depth":2699,"text":2203,"children":2719},[2720,2721],{"id":2209,"depth":2706,"text":2210},{"id":2333,"depth":2706,"text":2334},{"id":2548,"depth":2699,"text":2549},"Spanish subjunctive explained: when to use it (WEIRDO triggers, cuando, para que), subjunctive vs indicative examples, present forms and a practice quiz.","md",{"keywords":2726,"faq":2734},[2727,2728,2729,2730,2731,2732,2733],"spanish subjunctive","when to use subjunctive in spanish","spanish subjunctive triggers","spanish subjunctive weirdo","subjunctive vs indicative spanish","spanish subjunctive examples","spanish subjunctive practice",[2735,2738,2741,2744,2747,2750],{"q":2736,"a":2737},"What is the Spanish subjunctive?","The subjunctive (modo subjuntivo) is a mood, not a tense. Spanish uses it for things it doesn't present as facts: wishes, emotions, doubts, value judgments, unknown people or things, and future actions after cuando. It usually comes after que: Quiero que vengas (I want you to come).",{"q":2739,"a":2740},"When do you use the subjunctive in Spanish?","Use it after the WEIRDO triggers (wishes, emotions, impersonal expressions, recommendations, doubt and denial, ojalá) when the subject changes, after conjunctions of purpose and of future time (para que, antes de que, cuando about the future), and when you describe a person or thing you don't know exists: Busco un piso que tenga terraza (I'm looking for an apartment that has a terrace).",{"q":2742,"a":2743},"Does creo que take the subjunctive?","No. Creo que states your opinion, so it takes the indicative: Creo que tiene razón (I think he's right). The negative no creo que takes the subjunctive: No creo que tenga razón (I don't think he's right).",{"q":2745,"a":2746},"How many subjunctive tenses are there in Spanish?","In everyday Spanish there are four: the present (hable), the present perfect (haya hablado), the imperfect (hablara or hablase) and the past perfect (hubiera or hubiese hablado). The RAE also lists two archaic future subjunctive tenses, which makes six in total.",{"q":2748,"a":2749},"Does cuando take the subjunctive or the indicative?","It depends on time. If the action hasn't happened yet, use the subjunctive: Cuando tenga tiempo, te llamaré (When I have time, I'll call you). For habits and the past, use the indicative: Cuando tengo tiempo, leo (When I have time, I read). The future tense never goes after cuando.",{"q":2751,"a":2752},"What is the difference between hablara and hablase?","There is no difference in meaning: both are imperfect subjunctive forms, and you can use either one. The -ra form is more common, especially in Latin America, and only -ra works in the polite quisiera (I would like).",true,"\u002Fsubjuntivo\u002Fen",{"title":5,"description":2723},"subjuntivo\u002Fen","Ps-VziOkkfbmly8AMmSMhanoACrKNr7_Kwo2VijDZQc",1791981050963]