[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2639},["ShallowReactive",2],{"tiempos-verbales-en":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":2604,"extension":2605,"meta":2606,"navigation":2634,"path":2635,"seo":2636,"stem":2637,"__hash__":2638},"content\u002Ftiempos-verbales\u002Fen.md","Spanish Tenses Chart: All 14 Tenses with Examples (Cheat Sheet)",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":2578},"minimark",[9,132,146,436,1071,1564,1876,2052,2212,2387,2529,2547,2553],[10,11,12,13,12,59,12,66,12,69],"section",{},"\n  ",[14,15,16,17,21,22,26,27,30,31,34,35,38,39,42,43,46,47,50,51,54,55,58],"p",{},"\n    There are 17 ",[18,19,20],"strong",{},"Spanish tenses"," (",[23,24,25],"em",{},"tiempos verbales",") according to the Royal Spanish Academy\n    (RAE) and its ",[23,28,29],{},"Nueva gramática",": 10 in the indicative, 6 in the subjunctive and the imperative. Three of\n    them are archaic and you won't hear them in everyday speech: the ",[23,32,33],{},"pretérito anterior","\n    (",[23,36,37],{},"hube hablado","), the future subjunctive (",[23,40,41],{},"hablare",") and the future perfect subjunctive\n    (",[23,44,45],{},"hubiere hablado","). So the practical answer to \"how many tenses are there in Spanish?\" is 14: 9 in the\n    indicative, 4 in the subjunctive and the imperative. On top of that come two non-finite forms, the gerund\n    (",[23,48,49],{},"gerundio",") and the past participle (",[23,52,53],{},"participio","), which you need for ",[23,56,57],{},"estar"," + gerund and\n    for every compound tense.\n  ",[14,60,61,62,65],{},"\n    This page is a Spanish tenses chart and cheat sheet in one place, like the grammar spread at the back of a\n    textbook: a map of the tenses by mood, a list of all Spanish tenses with when to use each one, the full\n    conjugation of ",[23,63,64],{},"hablar",", the regular endings, a guide to choosing the right past tense and the order to\n    learn the tenses from A1 to B2. Every tense in the chart links to a detailed guide with the rules and the\n    irregular verbs.\n  ",[14,67,68],{},"On this page:",[70,71,72,73,72,82,72,89,72,96,72,106,72,112,72,118,72,125,12],"ul",{},"\n    ",[74,75,76,81],"li",{},[77,78,80],"a",{"href":79},"#mapa","Spanish tenses by mood",": indicative, subjunctive and imperative;",[74,83,84,88],{},[77,85,87],{"href":86},"#tabla","the Spanish tenses chart",": when to use each tense, signal words and examples;",[74,90,91,95],{},[77,92,94],{"href":93},"#conjugacion","hablar conjugated in every tense",";",[74,97,98,102,103,95],{},[77,99,101],{"href":100},"#terminaciones","regular -ar, -er and -ir endings"," and the forms of ",[23,104,105],{},"haber",[74,107,108,95],{},[77,109,111],{"href":110},"#pasados","which past tense to use",[74,113,114,95],{},[77,115,117],{"href":116},"#subjuntivo","when to use the subjunctive",[74,119,120,124],{},[77,121,123],{"href":122},"#niveles","the order to learn Spanish tenses"," by level, A1-B2;",[74,126,127,131],{},[77,128,130],{"href":129},"#errores","common mistakes",".",[14,133,134],{},[77,135,145],{"href":136,"className":137},"\u002Fdashboard",[138,139,140,141,142,143,144],"btn","btn-primary","btn-lg","px-4","py-2","d-inline-block","mb-4","Practice Spanish tenses",[10,147,12,148,12,153,12,188,12,213,12,425],{},[149,150,152],"h2",{"id":151},"mapa","Spanish tenses by mood: indicative, subjunctive and imperative",[14,154,155,156,159,160,163,164,167,168,171,172,175,176,179,180,183,184,187],{},"\n    Spanish verbs have three moods (",[23,157,158],{},"modos","). The indicative (",[23,161,162],{},"indicativo",") states facts and things\n    you see as real: ",[23,165,166],{},"hablo, hablé, hablaré"," (I speak, I spoke, I will speak). The subjunctive\n    (",[23,169,170],{},"subjuntivo",") covers wishes, doubts, emotions, value judgments and hypotheses: ",[23,173,174],{},"quiero que\n    hables"," (I want you to speak). The imperative (",[23,177,178],{},"imperativo",") gives commands and makes requests:\n    ",[23,181,182],{},"habla"," (speak), ",[23,185,186],{},"no hables"," (don't speak).\n  ",[14,189,190,191,194,195,198,199,201,202,205,206,209,210,212],{},"\n    Within each mood there are simple tenses, which are one word (",[23,192,193],{},"hablo",", I speak), and compound tenses\n    (",[23,196,197],{},"tiempos compuestos","), which are always ",[23,200,105],{}," + past participle: ",[23,203,204],{},"he hablado"," (I have\n    spoken), ",[23,207,208],{},"había hablado"," (I had spoken). Once you know the forms of ",[23,211,105],{},", you can build every\n    compound tense.\n  ",[214,215,72,216,12],"div",{},[217,218,219,220,219,241,72],"table",{},"\n      ",[221,222,223,224,219],"thead",{},"\n        ",[225,226,227,228,227,232,227,235,227,238,223],"tr",{},"\n          ",[229,230,231],"th",{},"Mood",[229,233,234],{},"Past",[229,236,237],{},"Present",[229,239,240],{},"Future",[242,243,223,244,223,318,223,347,223,396,219],"tbody",{},[225,245,227,246,227,253,227,291,227,300,223],{},[247,248,249,250,252],"td",{},"Indicative (",[23,251,162],{},")",[247,254,255,256,263,255,266,273,255,275,282,255,284,227],{},"\n            ",[77,257,259,260,252],{"href":258},"\u002Fen\u002Fperfecto-present-perfect","Present perfect (",[23,261,262],{},"pretérito perfecto",[264,265],"br",{},[77,267,269,270,252],{"href":268},"\u002Fen\u002Findefinido-past","Preterite (",[23,271,272],{},"pretérito indefinido",[264,274],{},[77,276,278,279,252],{"href":277},"\u002Fen\u002Fimperfecto-imperfect","Imperfect (",[23,280,281],{},"pretérito imperfecto",[264,283],{},[77,285,287,288,252],{"href":286},"\u002Fen\u002Fpluscuamperfecto-past-perfect","Past perfect (",[23,289,290],{},"pluscuamperfecto",[247,292,293],{},[77,294,296,297,252],{"href":295},"\u002Fen\u002Fpresente-present","Present (",[23,298,299],{},"presente",[247,301,255,302,309,255,311,227],{},[77,303,305,306,252],{"href":304},"\u002Fen\u002Ffuturo-simple-future","Simple future (",[23,307,308],{},"futuro simple",[264,310],{},[77,312,314,315,252],{"href":313},"\u002Fen\u002Ffuturo-perfecto-future-perfect","Future perfect (",[23,316,317],{},"futuro perfecto",[225,319,227,320,227,327,227,336,227,344,223],{},[247,321,322,323,326],{},"Conditional (",[23,324,325],{},"condicional",", part of the indicative)",[247,328,329],{},[77,330,332,333,252],{"href":331},"\u002Fen\u002Fcondicional-compuesto-conditional-perfect","Conditional perfect (",[23,334,335],{},"condicional compuesto",[247,337,338],{},[77,339,322,341,252],{"href":340},"\u002Fen\u002Fcondicional-simple-conditional",[23,342,343],{},"condicional simple",[247,345,346],{},"-",[225,348,227,349,227,354,227,381,227,390,223],{},[247,350,351,352,252],{},"Subjunctive (",[23,353,170],{},[247,355,255,356,363,255,365,372,255,374,227],{},[77,357,359,360,252],{"href":358},"\u002Fen\u002Fperfecto-subjuntivo-perfect-subjunctive","Present perfect subjunctive (",[23,361,362],{},"pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo",[264,364],{},[77,366,368,369,252],{"href":367},"\u002Fen\u002Fimperfect-subjunctive","Imperfect subjunctive (",[23,370,371],{},"imperfecto de subjuntivo",[264,373],{},[77,375,377,378,252],{"href":376},"\u002Fen\u002Fpast-perfect-subjunctive","Past perfect subjunctive (",[23,379,380],{},"pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo",[247,382,383],{},[77,384,386,387,252],{"href":385},"\u002Fen\u002Fsubjuntivo-presente-subjunctive","Present subjunctive (",[23,388,389],{},"presente de subjuntivo",[247,391,392],{},[77,393,386,394,252],{"href":385},[23,395,389],{},[225,397,227,398,227,403,227,405,227,423,223],{},[247,399,400,401,252],{},"Imperative (",[23,402,178],{},[247,404,346],{},[247,406,255,407,414,255,416,227],{},[77,408,410,411,252],{"href":409},"\u002Fen\u002Fimperativo-affirmative-commands","Affirmative commands (",[23,412,413],{},"imperativo afirmativo",[264,415],{},[77,417,419,420,252],{"href":418},"\u002Fen\u002Fimperativo-negative-commands","Negative commands (",[23,421,422],{},"imperativo negativo",[247,424,346],{},[14,426,427,428,435],{},"\n    The RAE treats the conditional as a tense of the indicative, but many textbooks list it separately, which is\n    why it has its own row here. The present subjunctive covers both the present and the future:\n    ",[23,429,430,431,434],{},"Espero que me ",[18,432,433],{},"llames"," mañana"," (I hope you call me tomorrow).\n  ",[10,437,12,438,12,442,12,448,12,453,12,742,12,746,12,875,12,879,12,949,12,953,12,1036],{},[149,439,441],{"id":440},"tabla","Spanish tenses chart: when to use each tense",[14,443,444,445,447],{},"\n    Here are all Spanish tenses explained in one line each, grouped by mood. Each row gives the English name with\n    the Spanish one in parentheses, when you use the tense, the signal words that usually go with it and an example\n    with ",[23,446,64],{}," (to speak). Click a tense to open its full guide.\n  ",[449,450,452],"h3",{"id":451},"indicative-indicativo","Indicative (indicativo)",[214,454,72,455,12],{},[217,456,219,457,219,470,72],{},[221,458,223,459,219],{},[225,460,227,461,227,464,227,467,223],{},[229,462,463],{},"Tense",[229,465,466],{},"When to use it",[229,468,469],{},"Example",[242,471,223,472,223,500,223,531,223,563,223,591,223,621,223,652,223,687,223,715,219],{},[225,473,227,474,227,481,227,491,223],{},[247,475,476,21,478,252],{},[77,477,237],{"href":295},[23,479,480],{},"presente de indicativo",[247,482,483,484,486,487,490],{},"Habits, facts and what is happening now; also fixed plans for the near future.",[264,485],{},"Signal words: ",[23,488,489],{},"siempre, todos los días, ahora, normalmente"," (always, every day, now, usually)",[247,492,493,499],{},[23,494,495,496,498],{},"Todos los días ",[18,497,193],{}," con mi madre."," (I talk to my mom every day.)",[225,501,227,502,227,513,227,522,223],{},[247,503,504,21,507,509,510,252],{},[77,505,506],{"href":258},"Present perfect",[23,508,262],{},", also ",[23,511,512],{},"pretérito perfecto compuesto",[247,514,515,516,486,518,521],{},"A past action connected to the present: in a time period that isn't over yet, or life experience up to now.",[264,517],{},[23,519,520],{},"hoy, esta semana, ya, todavía no, alguna vez"," (today, this week, already, not yet, ever)",[247,523,524,530],{},[23,525,526,527,529],{},"Hoy ",[18,528,204],{}," con el jefe dos veces."," (I've talked to the boss twice today.)",[225,532,227,533,227,544,227,553,223],{},[247,534,535,21,538,540,541,252],{},[77,536,537],{"href":268},"Preterite",[23,539,272],{},", RAE: ",[23,542,543],{},"pretérito perfecto simple",[247,545,546,547,486,549,552],{},"A completed action at a specific moment in the past; the events of a story.",[264,548],{},[23,550,551],{},"ayer, el año pasado, en 2019, hace dos días"," (yesterday, last year, in 2019, two days ago)",[247,554,555,562],{},[23,556,557,558,561],{},"Ayer ",[18,559,560],{},"hablé"," con el médico."," (Yesterday I talked to the doctor.)",[225,564,227,565,227,572,227,581,223],{},[247,566,567,21,570,252],{},[77,568,569],{"href":277},"Imperfect",[23,571,281],{},[247,573,574,575,486,577,580],{},"Past habits, descriptions and background: what used to happen or what was going on.",[264,576],{},[23,578,579],{},"antes, de niño, siempre, mientras, todos los veranos"," (before, as a kid, always, while, every summer)",[247,582,583,590],{},[23,584,585,586,589],{},"De niño ",[18,587,588],{},"hablaba"," mucho en clase."," (As a kid, I used to talk a lot in class.)",[225,592,227,593,227,602,227,611,223],{},[247,594,595,21,598,601],{},[77,596,597],{"href":286},"Past perfect",[23,599,600],{},"pretérito pluscuamperfecto",", the pluperfect)",[247,603,604,605,486,607,610],{},"An action that happened before another past action: the past of the past.",[264,606],{},[23,608,609],{},"ya, cuando, antes de, nunca"," (already, when, before, never)",[247,612,613,620],{},[23,614,615,616,619],{},"Cuando llegué, ya ",[18,617,618],{},"habían hablado"," del tema."," (When I arrived, they had already discussed the topic.)",[225,622,227,623,227,633,227,642,223],{},[247,624,625,21,628,509,630,252],{},[77,626,627],{"href":304},"Simple future",[23,629,308],{},[23,631,632],{},"futuro imperfecto",[247,634,635,636,486,638,641],{},"Plans and predictions; also guesses about the present.",[264,637],{},[23,639,640],{},"mañana, el año que viene, dentro de, pronto"," (tomorrow, next year, in [time], soon)",[247,643,644,651],{},[23,645,646,647,650],{},"Mañana ",[18,648,649],{},"hablaré"," con el director."," (I'll talk to the director tomorrow.)",[225,653,227,654,227,664,227,677,223],{},[247,655,656,21,659,509,661,252],{},[77,657,658],{"href":313},"Future perfect",[23,660,317],{},[23,662,663],{},"futuro compuesto",[247,665,666,667,486,669,672,673,676],{},"An action that will be finished before a point in the future; also guesses about the recent past.",[264,668],{},[23,670,671],{},"para"," + date, ",[23,674,675],{},"ya, antes de"," (by + date, already, before)",[247,678,679,686],{},[23,680,681,682,685],{},"Para el viernes ya ",[18,683,684],{},"habremos hablado"," con todos."," (By Friday we'll have talked to everyone.)",[225,688,227,689,227,696,227,705,223],{},[247,690,691,21,694,252],{},[77,692,693],{"href":340},"Conditional",[23,695,343],{},[247,697,698,699,486,701,704],{},"What would happen: advice, polite requests, wishes and hypotheses.",[264,700],{},[23,702,703],{},"en tu lugar, me gustaría, podría, deberías"," (if I were you, I'd like, could, you should)",[247,706,707,714],{},[23,708,709,710,713],{},"Yo en tu lugar ",[18,711,712],{},"hablaría"," con ella."," (If I were you, I'd talk to her.)",[225,716,227,717,227,724,227,733,223],{},[247,718,719,21,722,252],{},[77,720,721],{"href":331},"Conditional perfect",[23,723,335],{},[247,725,726,727,486,729,732],{},"What would have happened but didn't: regrets and unreal situations in the past.",[264,728],{},[23,730,731],{},"pero, si hubiera…, en ese caso"," (but, if I had…, in that case)",[247,734,735,741],{},[23,736,737,740],{},[18,738,739],{},"Habría hablado"," contigo, pero no te vi."," (I would have talked to you, but I didn't see you.)",[449,743,745],{"id":744},"subjunctive-subjuntivo","Subjunctive (subjuntivo)",[214,747,72,748,12],{},[217,749,219,750,219,760,72],{},[221,751,223,752,219],{},[225,753,227,754,227,756,227,758,223],{},[229,755,463],{},[229,757,466],{},[229,759,469],{},[242,761,223,762,223,790,223,818,223,848,219],{},[225,763,227,764,227,771,227,780,223],{},[247,765,766,21,769,252],{},[77,767,768],{"href":385},"Present subjunctive",[23,770,389],{},[247,772,773,774,486,776,779],{},"After expressions of wishing, emotion, doubt and purpose, for present or future actions.",[264,775],{},[23,777,778],{},"quiero que, es posible que, para que, ojalá"," (I want… to, it's possible that, so that, hopefully)",[247,781,782,789],{},[23,783,784,785,788],{},"Quiero que ",[18,786,787],{},"hables"," más despacio."," (I want you to speak more slowly.)",[225,791,227,792,227,799,227,808,223],{},[247,793,794,21,797,252],{},[77,795,796],{"href":358},"Present perfect subjunctive",[23,798,362],{},[247,800,801,802,486,804,807],{},"The same triggers as the present subjunctive, for an action that is already finished.",[264,803],{},[23,805,806],{},"espero que, me alegra que, no creo que"," (I hope that, I'm glad that, I don't think that)",[247,809,810,817],{},[23,811,812,813,816],{},"Espero que ",[18,814,815],{},"hayas hablado"," con tu hermano."," (I hope you've talked to your brother.)",[225,819,227,820,227,829,227,838,223],{},[247,821,822,21,825,828],{},[77,823,824],{"href":367},"Imperfect subjunctive",[23,826,827],{},"pretérito imperfecto de subjuntivo",", with -ra or -se endings)",[247,830,831,832,486,834,837],{},"Subjunctive triggers after a past-tense main verb, and unlikely or unreal conditions in the present.",[264,833],{},[23,835,836],{},"si…, ojalá, como si, quería que"," (if…, I wish, as if, I wanted… to)",[247,839,840,847],{},[23,841,842,843,846],{},"Si ",[18,844,845],{},"hablaras"," inglés, conseguirías el trabajo."," (If you spoke English, you'd get the job.)",[225,849,227,850,227,857,227,866,223],{},[247,851,852,21,855,252],{},[77,853,854],{"href":376},"Past perfect subjunctive",[23,856,380],{},[247,858,859,860,486,862,865],{},"Unreal conditions and regrets about the past: what could have happened but didn't.",[264,861],{},[23,863,864],{},"si hubiera…, ojalá hubiera"," (if I had…, I wish I had)",[247,867,868,874],{},[23,869,842,870,873],{},[18,871,872],{},"hubieras hablado"," antes, todo sería distinto."," (If you had spoken up earlier, everything would be different.)",[449,876,878],{"id":877},"imperative-imperativo","Imperative (imperativo)",[214,880,72,881,12],{},[217,882,219,883,219,893,72],{},[221,884,223,885,219],{},[225,886,227,887,227,889,227,891,223],{},[229,888,463],{},[229,890,466],{},[229,892,469],{},[242,894,223,895,223,922,219],{},[225,896,227,897,227,904,227,913,223],{},[247,898,899,21,902,252],{},[77,900,901],{"href":409},"Affirmative commands",[23,903,413],{},[247,905,906,907,486,909,912],{},"Commands, instructions, requests and invitations.",[264,908],{},[23,910,911],{},"por favor, ahora, primero"," (please, now, first)",[247,914,915,921],{},[23,916,917,920],{},[18,918,919],{},"Habla"," más alto, por favor."," (Speak louder, please.)",[225,923,227,924,227,931,227,940,223],{},[247,925,926,21,929,252],{},[77,927,928],{"href":418},"Negative commands",[23,930,422],{},[247,932,933,934,486,936,939],{},"Telling someone not to do something; the forms come from the present subjunctive.",[264,935],{},[23,937,938],{},"no, nunca, jamás"," (don't, never, never ever)",[247,941,942,948],{},[23,943,944,945,947],{},"No ",[18,946,787],{}," tan rápido."," (Don't talk so fast.)",[449,950,952],{"id":951},"non-finite-forms-formas-no-personales","Non-finite forms (formas no personales)",[214,954,72,955,12],{},[217,956,219,957,219,967,72],{},[221,958,223,959,219],{},[225,960,227,961,227,963,227,965,223],{},[229,962,463],{},[229,964,466],{},[229,966,469],{},[242,968,223,969,223,1003,219],{},[225,970,227,971,227,980,227,994,223],{},[247,972,973,21,977,979],{},[77,974,976],{"href":975},"\u002Fen\u002Fgerundio-spanish-gerund","Gerund",[23,978,49],{},", the -ing form)",[247,981,982,983,21,985,987,988,486,990,993],{},"Actions in progress with ",[23,984,57],{},[23,986,57],{}," + gerund), and how or while something is done.",[264,989],{},[23,991,992],{},"ahora, en este momento, mientras"," (now, right now, while)",[247,995,996,1002],{},[23,997,998,1001],{},[18,999,1000],{},"Estoy hablando"," por teléfono, ahora te llamo."," (I'm talking on the phone; I'll call you right back.)",[225,1004,227,1005,227,1013,227,1026,223],{},[247,1006,1007,21,1011,252],{},[77,1008,1010],{"href":1009},"\u002Fen\u002Fparticipio-past-participle","Past participle",[23,1012,53],{},[247,1014,1015,1016,1018,1019,1021,1022,1025],{},"Needed for every compound tense and for the passive voice; after ",[23,1017,105],{}," it never changes.",[264,1020],{},"Pattern: ",[23,1023,1024],{},"he \u002F había \u002F habré"," + past participle",[247,1027,1028,1035],{},[23,1029,1030,1031,1034],{},"Todavía no hemos ",[18,1032,1033],{},"hablado"," de dinero."," (We haven't talked about money yet.)",[14,1037,1038,1039,1041,1042,1045,1046,1049,1050,1053,1054,1056,1057,1060,1061,1064,1065,21,1067,1070],{},"\n    All the examples use the same verb, ",[23,1040,64],{},", on purpose: that way you can see how one verb changes from\n    tense to tense. Two regional notes. In Latin America, ",[23,1043,1044],{},"vosotros"," isn't used: ",[23,1047,1048],{},"ustedes"," with the\n    third-person plural form covers every \"you all\" (",[23,1051,1052],{},"ustedes hablan",", you all speak), so if you're learning\n    Latin American Spanish you can skip the ",[23,1055,1044],{}," forms at first. And the choice between the present\n    perfect and the preterite depends on the region: in Spain, ",[23,1058,1059],{},"hoy"," goes with the present perfect\n    (",[23,1062,1063],{},"Hoy he hablado con él","), while in Latin America and the Canary Islands the preterite is usually used even\n    with ",[23,1066,1059],{},[23,1068,1069],{},"Hoy hablé con él","). Both mean \"I talked to him today.\"\n  ",[10,1072,12,1073,12,1077,12,1096,12,1100,12,1239,12,1243,12,1357,12,1361,12,1471,12,1474,12,1478,12,1544],{},[149,1074,1076],{"id":1075},"conjugacion","Hablar conjugation in every Spanish tense",[14,1078,72,1079,1083,1084,1087,1088,1091,1092,1095],{},[77,1080,1082],{"href":1081},"\u002Fen\u002Fhablar-conjugation","Hablar"," (to speak) is a regular -ar verb, so these tables double as a model:\n    any regular -ar verb, such as ",[23,1085,1086],{},"trabajar",", ",[23,1089,1090],{},"estudiar"," or ",[23,1093,1094],{},"llamar",", follows the same pattern.\n    Swap the stem and keep the endings.\n  ",[449,1097,1099],{"id":1098},"indicative-simple-tenses","Indicative: simple tenses",[214,1101,72,1102,12],{},[217,1103,219,1104,219,1126,72],{},[221,1105,223,1106,219],{},[225,1107,227,1108,227,1111,227,1114,227,1117,227,1120,227,1123,223],{},[229,1109,1110],{},"Person",[229,1112,1113],{},"Present (presente)",[229,1115,1116],{},"Preterite (pretérito indefinido)",[229,1118,1119],{},"Imperfect (pretérito imperfecto)",[229,1121,1122],{},"Simple future (futuro simple)",[229,1124,1125],{},"Conditional (condicional simple)",[242,1127,223,1128,223,1143,223,1163,223,1180,223,1199,223,1219,219],{},[225,1129,1130,1133,1135,1137,1139,1141],{},[247,1131,1132],{},"yo (I)",[247,1134,193],{},[247,1136,560],{},[247,1138,588],{},[247,1140,649],{},[247,1142,712],{},[225,1144,1145,1148,1151,1154,1157,1160],{},[247,1146,1147],{},"tú (you)",[247,1149,1150],{},"hablas",[247,1152,1153],{},"hablaste",[247,1155,1156],{},"hablabas",[247,1158,1159],{},"hablarás",[247,1161,1162],{},"hablarías",[225,1164,1165,1168,1170,1173,1175,1178],{},[247,1166,1167],{},"él \u002F ella \u002F usted (he, she, you formal)",[247,1169,182],{},[247,1171,1172],{},"habló",[247,1174,588],{},[247,1176,1177],{},"hablará",[247,1179,712],{},[225,1181,1182,1185,1188,1190,1193,1196],{},[247,1183,1184],{},"nosotros \u002F nosotras (we)",[247,1186,1187],{},"hablamos",[247,1189,1187],{},[247,1191,1192],{},"hablábamos",[247,1194,1195],{},"hablaremos",[247,1197,1198],{},"hablaríamos",[225,1200,1201,1204,1207,1210,1213,1216],{},[247,1202,1203],{},"vosotros \u002F vosotras (you all, Spain)",[247,1205,1206],{},"habláis",[247,1208,1209],{},"hablasteis",[247,1211,1212],{},"hablabais",[247,1214,1215],{},"hablaréis",[247,1217,1218],{},"hablaríais",[225,1220,1221,1224,1227,1230,1233,1236],{},[247,1222,1223],{},"ellos \u002F ellas \u002F ustedes (they, you all)",[247,1225,1226],{},"hablan",[247,1228,1229],{},"hablaron",[247,1231,1232],{},"hablaban",[247,1234,1235],{},"hablarán",[247,1237,1238],{},"hablarían",[449,1240,1242],{"id":1241},"indicative-compound-tenses","Indicative: compound tenses",[214,1244,72,1245,12],{},[217,1246,219,1247,219,1265,72],{},[221,1248,223,1249,219],{},[225,1250,227,1251,227,1253,227,1256,227,1259,227,1262,223],{},[229,1252,1110],{},[229,1254,1255],{},"Present perfect (pretérito perfecto)",[229,1257,1258],{},"Past perfect (pluscuamperfecto)",[229,1260,1261],{},"Future perfect (futuro perfecto)",[229,1263,1264],{},"Conditional perfect (condicional compuesto)",[242,1266,223,1267,223,1281,223,1297,223,1311,223,1326,223,1342,219],{},[225,1268,1269,1271,1273,1275,1278],{},[247,1270,1132],{},[247,1272,204],{},[247,1274,208],{},[247,1276,1277],{},"habré hablado",[247,1279,1280],{},"habría hablado",[225,1282,1283,1285,1288,1291,1294],{},[247,1284,1147],{},[247,1286,1287],{},"has hablado",[247,1289,1290],{},"habías hablado",[247,1292,1293],{},"habrás hablado",[247,1295,1296],{},"habrías hablado",[225,1298,1299,1301,1304,1306,1309],{},[247,1300,1167],{},[247,1302,1303],{},"ha hablado",[247,1305,208],{},[247,1307,1308],{},"habrá hablado",[247,1310,1280],{},[225,1312,1313,1315,1318,1321,1323],{},[247,1314,1184],{},[247,1316,1317],{},"hemos hablado",[247,1319,1320],{},"habíamos hablado",[247,1322,684],{},[247,1324,1325],{},"habríamos hablado",[225,1327,1328,1330,1333,1336,1339],{},[247,1329,1203],{},[247,1331,1332],{},"habéis hablado",[247,1334,1335],{},"habíais hablado",[247,1337,1338],{},"habréis hablado",[247,1340,1341],{},"habríais hablado",[225,1343,1344,1346,1349,1351,1354],{},[247,1345,1223],{},[247,1347,1348],{},"han hablado",[247,1350,618],{},[247,1352,1353],{},"habrán hablado",[247,1355,1356],{},"habrían hablado",[449,1358,1360],{"id":1359},"subjunctive","Subjunctive",[214,1362,72,1363,12],{},[217,1364,219,1365,219,1379,72],{},[221,1366,223,1367,219],{},[225,1368,227,1369,227,1371,227,1373,227,1375,227,1377,223],{},[229,1370,1110],{},[229,1372,1113],{},[229,1374,1255],{},[229,1376,1119],{},[229,1378,1258],{},[242,1380,223,1381,223,1397,223,1411,223,1423,223,1439,223,1455,219],{},[225,1382,1383,1385,1388,1391,1394],{},[247,1384,1132],{},[247,1386,1387],{},"hable",[247,1389,1390],{},"haya hablado",[247,1392,1393],{},"hablara \u002F hablase",[247,1395,1396],{},"hubiera \u002F hubiese hablado",[225,1398,1399,1401,1403,1405,1408],{},[247,1400,1147],{},[247,1402,787],{},[247,1404,815],{},[247,1406,1407],{},"hablaras \u002F hablases",[247,1409,1410],{},"hubieras \u002F hubieses hablado",[225,1412,1413,1415,1417,1419,1421],{},[247,1414,1167],{},[247,1416,1387],{},[247,1418,1390],{},[247,1420,1393],{},[247,1422,1396],{},[225,1424,1425,1427,1430,1433,1436],{},[247,1426,1184],{},[247,1428,1429],{},"hablemos",[247,1431,1432],{},"hayamos hablado",[247,1434,1435],{},"habláramos \u002F hablásemos",[247,1437,1438],{},"hubiéramos \u002F hubiésemos hablado",[225,1440,1441,1443,1446,1449,1452],{},[247,1442,1203],{},[247,1444,1445],{},"habléis",[247,1447,1448],{},"hayáis hablado",[247,1450,1451],{},"hablarais \u002F hablaseis",[247,1453,1454],{},"hubierais \u002F hubieseis hablado",[225,1456,1457,1459,1462,1465,1468],{},[247,1458,1223],{},[247,1460,1461],{},"hablen",[247,1463,1464],{},"hayan hablado",[247,1466,1467],{},"hablaran \u002F hablasen",[247,1469,1470],{},"hubieran \u002F hubiesen hablado",[14,1472,1473],{},"\n    The two imperfect subjunctive endings, -ra and -se, mean the same thing. The -ra forms are more common,\n    especially in Latin America, so learn those first.\n  ",[449,1475,1477],{"id":1476},"imperative-and-non-finite-forms","Imperative and non-finite forms",[214,1479,72,1480,12],{},[217,1481,219,1482,219,1494,72],{},[221,1483,223,1484,219],{},[225,1485,227,1486,227,1488,227,1491,223],{},[229,1487,1110],{},[229,1489,1490],{},"Affirmative commands (imperativo afirmativo)",[229,1492,1493],{},"Negative commands (imperativo negativo)",[242,1495,223,1496,223,1504,223,1514,223,1524,223,1534,219],{},[225,1497,1498,1500,1502],{},[247,1499,1147],{},[247,1501,182],{},[247,1503,186],{},[225,1505,1506,1509,1511],{},[247,1507,1508],{},"usted (you formal)",[247,1510,1387],{},[247,1512,1513],{},"no hable",[225,1515,1516,1519,1521],{},[247,1517,1518],{},"nosotros \u002F nosotras (let's)",[247,1520,1429],{},[247,1522,1523],{},"no hablemos",[225,1525,1526,1528,1531],{},[247,1527,1203],{},[247,1529,1530],{},"hablad",[247,1532,1533],{},"no habléis",[225,1535,1536,1539,1541],{},[247,1537,1538],{},"ustedes (you all)",[247,1540,1461],{},[247,1542,1543],{},"no hablen",[14,1545,1546,1547,1550,1551,1553,1554,1550,1556,1559,1560,1550,1562],{},"Infinitive (",[23,1548,1549],{},"infinitivo","): ",[23,1552,64],{}," · Gerund (",[23,1555,49],{},[23,1557,1558],{},"hablando"," · Past participle (",[23,1561,53],{},[23,1563,1033],{},[10,1565,12,1566,12,1570,12,1624,12,1628,12,1745,12,1749,12,1827],{},[149,1567,1569],{"id":1568},"terminaciones","Regular verb endings by tense: -ar, -er and -ir",[14,1571,1572,1573,1576,1577,1580,1581,1583,1584,1576,1586,1589,1590,1592,1593,1596,1597,1600,1601,1604,1605,1608,1609,1611,1612,1615,1616,1619,1620,1623],{},"\n    Simple tenses are built from the stem plus an ending: ",[23,1574,1575],{},"habl-"," + ",[23,1578,1579],{},"-o"," = ",[23,1582,193],{},". The future\n    and the conditional are the exception: they add the ending to the whole infinitive (",[23,1585,64],{},[23,1587,1588],{},"-é","\n    = ",[23,1591,649],{},"), and their endings are the same for all three groups. The imperfect subjunctive comes from the\n    ",[23,1594,1595],{},"ellos"," form of the preterite minus ",[23,1598,1599],{},"-ron",": ",[23,1602,1603],{},"hablaron → habla- → hablara",", and this trick\n    works for irregular verbs too: ",[23,1606,1607],{},"tuvieron → tuviera",". Compound tenses are ",[23,1610,105],{}," + past participle,\n    and the participle ends in ",[23,1613,1614],{},"-ado"," for -ar verbs and in ",[23,1617,1618],{},"-ido"," for -er and -ir verbs:\n    ",[23,1621,1622],{},"hablado, comido, vivido",".\n  ",[449,1625,1627],{"id":1626},"endings-of-the-simple-tenses","Endings of the simple tenses",[214,1629,72,1630,12],{},[217,1631,219,1632,219,1655,72],{},[221,1633,223,1634,219],{},[225,1635,227,1636,227,1638,227,1641,227,1648,223],{},[229,1637,463],{},[229,1639,1640],{},"-ar (hablar)",[229,1642,1643,1644,252],{},"-er (",[77,1645,1647],{"href":1646},"\u002Fen\u002Fcomer-conjugation","comer",[229,1649,1650,1651,252],{},"-ir (",[77,1652,1654],{"href":1653},"\u002Fen\u002Fvivir-conjugation","vivir",[242,1656,223,1657,223,1670,223,1682,223,1694,223,1707,223,1718,223,1731,219],{},[225,1658,1659,1661,1664,1667],{},[247,1660,1113],{},[247,1662,1663],{},"-o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an",[247,1665,1666],{},"-o, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en",[247,1668,1669],{},"-o, -es, -e, -imos, -ís, -en",[225,1671,1672,1674,1677,1680],{},[247,1673,1116],{},[247,1675,1676],{},"-é, -aste, -ó, -amos, -asteis, -aron",[247,1678,1679],{},"-í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -isteis, -ieron",[247,1681,1679],{},[225,1683,1684,1686,1689,1692],{},[247,1685,1119],{},[247,1687,1688],{},"-aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -abais, -aban",[247,1690,1691],{},"-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -íais, -ían",[247,1693,1691],{},[225,1695,1696,1699,1702,1705],{},[247,1697,1698],{},"Simple future (futuro simple): infinitive +",[247,1700,1701],{},"-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án",[247,1703,1704],{},"same",[247,1706,1704],{},[225,1708,1709,1712,1714,1716],{},[247,1710,1711],{},"Conditional (condicional simple): infinitive +",[247,1713,1691],{},[247,1715,1704],{},[247,1717,1704],{},[225,1719,1720,1723,1726,1729],{},[247,1721,1722],{},"Present subjunctive (presente de subjuntivo)",[247,1724,1725],{},"-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en",[247,1727,1728],{},"-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an",[247,1730,1728],{},[225,1732,1733,1736,1739,1742],{},[247,1734,1735],{},"Imperfect subjunctive (imperfecto de subjuntivo)",[247,1737,1738],{},"-ara, -aras, -ara, -áramos, -arais, -aran (or -ase, -ases, -ase, -ásemos, -aseis, -asen)",[247,1740,1741],{},"-iera, -ieras, -iera, -iéramos, -ierais, -ieran (or -iese, -ieses, -iese, -iésemos, -ieseis, -iesen)",[247,1743,1744],{},"same as -er",[449,1746,1748],{"id":1747},"haber-in-the-compound-tenses","Haber in the compound tenses",[214,1750,72,1751,12],{},[217,1752,219,1753,219,1768,72],{},[221,1754,223,1755,219],{},[225,1756,227,1757,227,1760,227,1765,223],{},[229,1758,1759],{},"Compound tense",[229,1761,1762],{},[77,1763,105],{"href":1764},"\u002Fen\u002Fhaber-conjugation",[229,1766,1767],{},"+ past participle",[242,1769,223,1770,223,1780,223,1789,223,1798,223,1807,223,1817,219],{},[225,1771,1772,1774,1777],{},[247,1773,1255],{},[247,1775,1776],{},"he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han",[247,1778,1779],{},"hablado \u002F comido \u002F vivido",[225,1781,1782,1784,1787],{},[247,1783,1258],{},[247,1785,1786],{},"había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían",[247,1788,1779],{},[225,1790,1791,1793,1796],{},[247,1792,1261],{},[247,1794,1795],{},"habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habréis, habrán",[247,1797,1779],{},[225,1799,1800,1802,1805],{},[247,1801,1264],{},[247,1803,1804],{},"habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habríais, habrían",[247,1806,1779],{},[225,1808,1809,1812,1815],{},[247,1810,1811],{},"Present perfect subjunctive (pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)",[247,1813,1814],{},"haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan",[247,1816,1779],{},[225,1818,1819,1822,1825],{},[247,1820,1821],{},"Past perfect subjunctive (pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo)",[247,1823,1824],{},"hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, hubiéramos, hubierais, hubieran (or hubiese, hubieses, hubiese, hubiésemos, hubieseis, hubiesen)",[247,1826,1779],{},[14,1828,1829,1830,1833,1834,1837,1838,21,1841,1844,1845,21,1848,1851,1852,21,1855,1858,1859,1862,1863,1866,1867,1870,1871,1875],{},"\n    Irregular verbs break these patterns, but not equally in every tense. Most irregular forms are in the present\n    (",[23,1831,1832],{},"tengo, hago",") and the preterite (",[23,1835,1836],{},"tuve, hice, fui","). The imperfect has only three irregular verbs:\n    ",[23,1839,1840],{},"ser",[23,1842,1843],{},"era","), ",[23,1846,1847],{},"ir",[23,1849,1850],{},"iba",") and ",[23,1853,1854],{},"ver",[23,1856,1857],{},"veía","). In the future and the\n    conditional, twelve verbs change only their stem and keep the regular endings: ",[23,1860,1861],{},"tendr-, podr-, har-,\n    dir-"," and so on (",[23,1864,1865],{},"tendré, podría","). And a handful of very common verbs have irregular past participles:\n    ",[23,1868,1869],{},"hecho, dicho, visto, puesto, escrito, vuelto, abierto, muerto, roto",". The full breakdown by tense is on\n    the ",[77,1872,1874],{"href":1873},"\u002Fen\u002Fspanish-irregular-verbs","Spanish irregular verbs"," page.\n  ",[10,1877,12,1878,12,1882,12,1895,12,1988,12,2045],{},[149,1879,1881],{"id":1880},"pasados","Which past tense to use: present perfect, preterite, imperfect or past perfect",[14,1883,1884,1885,1087,1888,1091,1891,1894],{},"\n    Choosing the right past tense is where most English speakers struggle, because the English \"I ate\" can be\n    ",[23,1886,1887],{},"he comido",[23,1889,1890],{},"comí",[23,1892,1893],{},"comía"," depending on the meaning. Spanish has four everyday past\n    tenses, and each one answers a different question. Here is the same situation, eating paella, in all four:\n  ",[214,1896,72,1897,12],{},[217,1898,219,1899,219,1910,72],{},[221,1900,223,1901,219],{},[225,1902,227,1903,227,1905,227,1907,223],{},[229,1904,463],{},[229,1906,469],{},[229,1908,1909],{},"Why this tense",[242,1911,223,1912,223,1931,223,1949,223,1968,219],{},[225,1913,227,1914,227,1920,227,1928,223],{},[247,1915,1916,21,1918,252],{},[77,1917,506],{"href":258},[23,1919,262],{},[247,1921,1922,1927],{},[23,1923,526,1924,1926],{},[18,1925,1887],{}," paella."," (I had paella today.)",[247,1929,1930],{},"Today isn't over yet, so the action is still connected to the present. Notice that English uses the simple past here.",[225,1932,227,1933,227,1939,227,1946,223],{},[247,1934,1935,21,1937,252],{},[77,1936,537],{"href":268},[23,1938,272],{},[247,1940,1941,1945],{},[23,1942,557,1943,1926],{},[18,1944,1890],{}," (I had paella yesterday.)",[247,1947,1948],{},"A finished action at a specific moment: yesterday is over.",[225,1950,227,1951,227,1957,227,1965,223],{},[247,1952,1953,21,1955,252],{},[77,1954,569],{"href":277},[23,1956,281],{},[247,1958,1959,1964],{},[23,1960,585,1961,1963],{},[18,1962,1893],{}," paella todos los domingos."," (As a kid, I used to eat paella every Sunday.)",[247,1966,1967],{},"A past habit: what used to happen, with no clear beginning or end. The same tense is used for descriptions and background.",[225,1969,227,1970,227,1976,227,1985,223],{},[247,1971,1972,21,1974,252],{},[77,1973,597],{"href":286},[23,1975,290],{},[247,1977,1978,1984],{},[23,1979,1980,1981,131],{},"Cuando llegaste, ya ",[18,1982,1983],{},"había comido"," (When you got here, I had already eaten.)",[247,1986,1987],{},"The action happened before another past action, your arrival.",[70,1989,72,1990,72,2008,72,2021,72,2039,12],{},[74,1991,1992,1995,1996,2007],{},[18,1993,1994],{},"Preterite = what happened."," If the sentence moves the story forward, use the preterite: ",[23,1997,1998,1087,2001,2003,2004,131],{},[18,1999,2000],{},"Llegué",[18,2002,1890],{}," y ",[18,2005,2006],{},"salí"," (I arrived, ate and left.)",[74,2009,2010,2013,2014,2020],{},[18,2011,2012],{},"Imperfect = what it was like."," Use it for background, descriptions, habits and actions in progress when something else happened: ",[23,2015,2016,2019],{},[18,2017,2018],{},"Comía"," cuando llegaste."," (I was eating when you arrived.)",[74,2022,2023,2026,2027,2030,2031,2034,2035,1927],{},[18,2024,2025],{},"Present perfect vs preterite depends on the region."," In Spain, the present perfect goes with ",[23,2028,2029],{},"hoy, esta semana, este año"," and ",[23,2032,2033],{},"ya",". In Latin America the preterite is more common even with these words: ",[23,2036,526,2037,1926],{},[18,2038,1890],{},[74,2040,2041,2044],{},[18,2042,2043],{},"Past perfect = even earlier."," Use it when you're already telling a story in the past and need to go one step further back.",[14,2046,2047,2048,1623],{},"\n    For a detailed comparison with more examples and a quiz, see\n    ",[77,2049,2051],{"href":2050},"\u002Fen\u002Fpreterite-vs-imperfect","Preterite vs Imperfect in Spanish",[10,2053,12,2054,12,2057,12,2079,12,2175,12,2205],{},[149,2055,2056],{"id":170},"When to use the subjunctive: a quick summary",[14,2058,2059,2060,2063,2064,2071,2072,2078],{},"\n    The subjunctive is a mood, not a single tense. It usually appears in the second part of a sentence, after\n    ",[23,2061,2062],{},"que",", when the first part expresses something other than a plain fact. Compare ",[23,2065,2066,2067,2070],{},"Creo que\n    ",[18,2068,2069],{},"tiene"," razón"," (I think he's right: you state a belief, so the indicative) with ",[23,2073,2074,2075,2070],{},"No creo que\n    ",[18,2076,2077],{},"tenga"," (I don't think he's right: you deny it, so the subjunctive). The most common\n    triggers:\n  ",[70,2080,72,2081,72,2096,72,2112,72,2128,72,2144,72,2159,12],{},[74,2082,2083,21,2086,1550,2089,2095],{},[18,2084,2085],{},"Wishes and requests",[23,2087,2088],{},"quiero que, pido que",[23,2090,2091,2092,2094],{},"Te pido que me ",[18,2093,433],{}," mañana."," (I'm asking you to call me tomorrow.)",[74,2097,2098,21,2101,1550,2104,2111],{},[18,2099,2100],{},"Emotions",[23,2102,2103],{},"me alegra que, me molesta que",[23,2105,2106,2107,2110],{},"Me alegra que ",[18,2108,2109],{},"estés"," aquí."," (I'm glad you're here.)",[74,2113,2114,21,2117,1550,2120,2127],{},[18,2115,2116],{},"Doubt and denial",[23,2118,2119],{},"no creo que, dudo que",[23,2121,2122,2123,2126],{},"Dudo que ",[18,2124,2125],{},"pueda"," venir."," (I doubt he can come.)",[74,2129,2130,21,2133,1550,2136,2143],{},[18,2131,2132],{},"Value judgments",[23,2134,2135],{},"es importante que, es mejor que",[23,2137,2138,2139,2142],{},"Es importante que ",[18,2140,2141],{},"comamos"," bien."," (It's important for us to eat well.)",[74,2145,2146,21,2149,1550,2152,2158],{},[18,2147,2148],{},"Purpose",[23,2150,2151],{},"para que",[23,2153,2154,2155,131],{},"Te lo explico otra vez para que lo ",[18,2156,2157],{},"entiendas"," (I'll explain it again so you understand.)",[74,2160,2161,1600,2167,2174],{},[18,2162,2163,2164],{},"Hopes with ",[23,2165,2166],{},"ojalá",[23,2168,2169,2170,2173],{},"Ojalá ",[18,2171,2172],{},"haga"," buen tiempo el sábado."," (Hopefully the weather will be nice on Saturday.)",[14,2176,2177,2178,2181,2182,2185,2186,2189,2190,1087,2193,2196,2197,2200,2201,2204],{},"\n    Which subjunctive tense you need depends on time: the present for now or later (",[23,2179,2180],{},"quiero que hables","), the\n    present perfect for something already done (",[23,2183,2184],{},"espero que hayas hablado","), the imperfect after a past-tense\n    main verb and in ",[23,2187,2188],{},"si"," clauses (",[23,2191,2192],{},"quería que hablaras",[23,2194,2195],{},"si hablaras",") and the past perfect\n    for an unreal past (",[23,2198,2199],{},"si hubieras hablado","). Start with the\n    ",[77,2202,2203],{"href":385},"present subjunctive guide",": it is the most common of the four,\n    and the triggers are the same for all of them.\n  ",[14,2206,2207,2208,1623],{},"\n    Every trigger with examples (WEIRDO, expressions, conjunctions) plus an interactive quiz:\n    ",[77,2209,2211],{"href":2210},"\u002Fen\u002Fspanish-subjunctive","Spanish subjunctive: when to use it",[10,2213,12,2214,12,2218,12,2232,12,2350,12,2379],{},[149,2215,2217],{"id":2216},"niveles","The order to learn Spanish tenses: levels A1-B2",[14,2219,2220,2221,2224,2225,2030,2228,2231],{},"\n    Most textbooks teach the tenses in roughly the same order, based on the Instituto Cervantes curriculum\n    (",[23,2222,2223],{},"Plan Curricular del Instituto Cervantes",") and courses like ",[23,2226,2227],{},"Aula",[23,2229,2230],{},"Nuevo Prisma",". Each\n    level adds the tenses you need for a new set of real-life situations, so this is a safe Spanish tenses order to\n    learn on your own too:\n  ",[214,2233,72,2234,12],{},[217,2235,219,2236,219,2249,72],{},[221,2237,223,2238,219],{},[225,2239,227,2240,227,2243,227,2246,223],{},[229,2241,2242],{},"Level",[229,2244,2245],{},"Tenses",[229,2247,2248],{},"What you can say",[242,2250,223,2251,223,2278,223,2308,223,2332,219],{},[225,2252,227,2253,227,2256,227,2275,223],{},[247,2254,2255],{},"A1",[247,2257,2258,1087,2260,1087,2265,2268,2269,21,2272,252],{},[77,2259,237],{"href":295},[77,2261,2262,2264],{"href":975},[23,2263,57],{}," + gerund",[23,2266,2267],{},"ir a"," + infinitive, ",[77,2270,2271],{"href":409},"affirmative commands",[23,2273,2274],{},"tú, usted",[247,2276,2277],{},"Describe yourself and your habits, talk about plans for the near future, make simple requests.",[225,2279,227,2280,227,2283,227,2305,223],{},[247,2281,2282],{},"A2",[247,2284,2285,1087,2287,1087,2290,1087,2293,1087,2296,1087,2299,21,2302,252],{},[77,2286,506],{"href":258},[77,2288,2289],{"href":268},"preterite",[77,2291,2292],{"href":277},"imperfect",[77,2294,2295],{"href":304},"simple future",[77,2297,2298],{"href":418},"negative commands",[77,2300,2301],{"href":340},"conditional",[23,2303,2304],{},"me gustaría, podría",[247,2306,2307],{},"Talk about the past, make plans and predictions, ask for things politely.",[225,2309,227,2310,227,2313,227,2329,223],{},[247,2311,2312],{},"B1",[247,2314,2315,1087,2317,1087,2320,1087,2323,1087,2326,2328],{},[77,2316,597],{"href":286},[77,2318,2319],{"href":385},"present subjunctive",[77,2321,2322],{"href":358},"present perfect subjunctive",[77,2324,2325],{"href":313},"future perfect",[77,2327,2301],{"href":340}," (advice, hypotheses)",[247,2330,2331],{},"Express wishes, give advice and opinions, make guesses, put past events in order.",[225,2333,227,2334,227,2337,227,2347,223],{},[247,2335,2336],{},"B2",[247,2338,2339,1087,2341,1087,2344],{},[77,2340,824],{"href":367},[77,2342,2343],{"href":376},"past perfect subjunctive",[77,2345,2346],{"href":331},"conditional perfect",[247,2348,2349],{},"Talk about unreal conditions and regrets, report in the past what other people said.",[2351,2352,72,2353,72,2359,72,2373,12],"ol",{},[74,2354,2355,2358],{},[18,2356,2357],{},"One tense at a time."," Learn the regular verbs and the signal words first, then the irregular verbs in groups: all the -go verbs together, all the e → ie verbs together.",[74,2360,2361,2364,2365,2368,2369,2372],{},[18,2362,2363],{},"Memorize three forms of each verb:"," present yo, preterite yo and the past participle: ",[23,2366,2367],{},"tengo, tuve, tenido","; ",[23,2370,2371],{},"hago, hice, hecho",". Most other forms follow from these three.",[74,2374,2375,2378],{},[18,2376,2377],{},"Practice a little every day."," Ten minutes of conjugating in the trainer works better than an hour once a week, because the forms have to come out automatically.",[14,2380,2381,2382,2386],{},"\n    Start with the ",[77,2383,2385],{"href":2384},"\u002Fen\u002Fmost-common-spanish-verbs","100 most common Spanish verbs",": these are the verbs\n    you will use in almost every sentence.\n  ",[10,2388,12,2389,12,2393,12,2396],{},[149,2390,2392],{"id":2391},"errores","Common mistakes with Spanish tenses",[14,2394,2395],{},"\n    Most tense mistakes come from translating English word for word. These seven are the most frequent; an asterisk\n    (*) marks the incorrect version.\n  ",[2351,2397,72,2398,72,2423,72,2439,72,2457,72,2473,72,2488,72,2503,12],{},[74,2399,2400,2403,2404,2415,2416,2418,2419,2422],{},[23,2401,2402],{},"*Cuando llegué a casa, mi madre cocinó la cena."," → ",[23,2405,2406,2407,2410,2411,2414],{},"Cuando llegué a casa, mi madre ",[18,2408,2409],{},"cocinaba"," \u002F ",[18,2412,2413],{},"estaba cocinando"," la cena."," (When I got home, my mom was cooking dinner.) If she was in the middle of cooking when you walked in, that's background, so use the imperfect or ",[23,2417,57],{}," + gerund. ",[23,2420,2421],{},"Cocinó"," would mean she started cooking after you arrived.",[74,2424,2425,2403,2428,2434,2435,2438],{},[23,2426,2427],{},"*Ayer he ido al médico.",[23,2429,557,2430,2433],{},[18,2431,2432],{},"fui"," al médico."," (I went to the doctor yesterday.) ",[23,2436,2437],{},"Ayer"," is a finished time period, so standard Spanish uses the preterite. Learners in Spain often overuse the present perfect because they hear it all the time.",[74,2440,2441,2403,2444,2449,2450,1087,2453,2456],{},[23,2442,2443],{},"*Quiero que vienes.",[23,2445,784,2446,131],{},[18,2447,2448],{},"vengas"," (I want you to come.) When a verb of wishing is followed by a different subject (",[23,2451,2452],{},"yo quiero",[23,2454,2455],{},"tú vienes","), the second verb goes in the subjunctive.",[74,2458,2459,2403,2462,2468,2469,2472],{},[23,2460,2461],{},"*Cuando tendré tiempo, te llamaré.",[23,2463,2464,2465,2467],{},"Cuando ",[18,2466,2077],{}," tiempo, te llamaré."," (When I have time, I'll call you.) After ",[23,2470,2471],{},"cuando"," referring to the future, Spanish uses the present subjunctive, never the future. English works the same way: \"when I have,\" not \"when I will have.\"",[74,2474,2475,2403,2478,2484,2485,2487],{},[23,2476,2477],{},"*Si tendré dinero, viajaré.",[23,2479,842,2480,2483],{},[18,2481,2482],{},"tengo"," dinero, viajaré."," (If I have money, I'll travel.) In a real condition, ",[23,2486,2188],{}," takes the present indicative, just like \"if I have\" in English.",[74,2489,2490,2403,2493,2499,2500,2502],{},[23,2491,2492],{},"*Si tendría dinero, viajaría.",[23,2494,842,2495,2498],{},[18,2496,2497],{},"tuviera"," dinero, viajaría."," (If I had money, I'd travel.) The conditional goes in the result, never after ",[23,2501,2188],{},"; an unlikely condition takes the imperfect subjunctive.",[74,2504,2505,2403,2508,2513,2514,2516,2517,2030,2519,2522,2523,1600,2525,2528],{},[23,2506,2507],{},"*He ya comido.",[23,2509,2510,131],{},[18,2511,2512],{},"Ya he comido"," (I've already eaten.) Nothing goes between ",[23,2515,105],{}," and the participle: words like ",[23,2518,2033],{},[23,2520,2521],{},"todavía",", and object pronouns, go before ",[23,2524,105],{},[23,2526,2527],{},"Ya lo he visto."," (I've already seen it.)",[10,2530,12,2531],{},[14,2532,2533,2534,1087,2537,1087,2540,2543,2544,2546],{},"\n    How to use this chart: when you're not sure which tense you need, start with the main table and look for a\n    signal word in your sentence (",[23,2535,2536],{},"ayer",[23,2538,2539],{},"mientras",[23,2541,2542],{},"quiero que","). Then check the form in the\n    ",[23,2545,64],{}," tables or the endings table, and open the guide for that tense for the full rules and the irregular\n    verbs. Keep the page bookmarked as your Spanish tenses cheat sheet while you practice.\n  ",[14,2548,2549],{},[77,2550,2552],{"href":136,"className":2551},[138,139,140,141,142,143,144],"Practice all Spanish tenses",[10,2554,12,2555],{},[14,2556,2557,2558,2561,2562,2561,2565,2561,2569,2572,2573,2577],{},"\n    Related: ",[77,2559,2560],{"href":1873},"Spanish irregular verbs by tense",",\n    ",[77,2563,2564],{"href":2384},"the 100 most common Spanish verbs",[77,2566,2568],{"href":2567},"\u002Fen\u002Fspanish-reflexive-verbs","Spanish reflexive verbs",[77,2570,2571],{"href":2050},"Preterite vs Imperfect (with a quiz)"," and the full\n    ",[77,2574,2576],{"href":2575},"\u002Fen\u002Fgrammar","Spanish grammar"," index.\n  ",{"title":2579,"searchDepth":2580,"depth":2580,"links":2581},"",2,[2582,2583,2590,2596,2600,2601,2602,2603],{"id":151,"depth":2580,"text":152},{"id":440,"depth":2580,"text":441,"children":2584},[2585,2587,2588,2589],{"id":451,"depth":2586,"text":452},3,{"id":744,"depth":2586,"text":745},{"id":877,"depth":2586,"text":878},{"id":951,"depth":2586,"text":952},{"id":1075,"depth":2580,"text":1076,"children":2591},[2592,2593,2594,2595],{"id":1098,"depth":2586,"text":1099},{"id":1241,"depth":2586,"text":1242},{"id":1359,"depth":2586,"text":1360},{"id":1476,"depth":2586,"text":1477},{"id":1568,"depth":2580,"text":1569,"children":2597},[2598,2599],{"id":1626,"depth":2586,"text":1627},{"id":1747,"depth":2586,"text":1748},{"id":1880,"depth":2580,"text":1881},{"id":170,"depth":2580,"text":2056},{"id":2216,"depth":2580,"text":2217},{"id":2391,"depth":2580,"text":2392},"Spanish tenses chart and cheat sheet: all 14 tenses with uses, signal words and examples, full hablar conjugation, endings and the order to learn them.","md",{"keywords":2607,"faq":2615},[2608,2609,2610,2611,2612,2613,2614,25],"spanish tenses","spanish tenses chart","how many tenses in spanish","spanish tenses cheat sheet","list of spanish tenses","spanish tenses explained","spanish tenses order to learn",[2616,2619,2622,2625,2628,2631],{"q":2617,"a":2618},"How many tenses are there in Spanish?","The Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) counts 17 tenses: 10 in the indicative, 6 in the subjunctive and the imperative. Three of them are archaic (pretérito anterior, future subjunctive and future perfect subjunctive), so in everyday Spanish you need 14: 9 indicative tenses, 4 subjunctive tenses and the imperative.",{"q":2620,"a":2621},"Which Spanish tense should I learn first?","Start with the present tense. Then learn the present perfect and the preterite to talk about the past, and add the imperfect after that. The future, the conditional and the subjunctive come later, at levels A2 and B1.",{"q":2623,"a":2624},"What is the difference between the pretérito perfecto and the pretérito indefinido?","The pretérito perfecto (he hablado, I have spoken) links a past action to the present, usually with hoy or esta semana. The pretérito indefinido (hablé, I spoke) describes an action finished at a specific time, like ayer. In Latin America and the Canary Islands the indefinido is usually used even with hoy.",{"q":2626,"a":2627},"What are the hardest Spanish tenses?","The preterite, because many of the most common verbs are irregular in it (tuve, hice, fui); choosing between the preterite and the imperfect, since English often uses one past tense for both; and the subjunctive, which English barely uses.",{"q":2629,"a":2630},"What are compound tenses in Spanish?","Compound tenses (tiempos compuestos) are formed with haber plus the past participle: he hablado, había hablado, habré hablado. In everyday Spanish there are six of them: four in the indicative and two in the subjunctive.",{"q":2632,"a":2633},"How can I learn Spanish tenses fast?","Follow the order of the levels from A1 to B2 and learn one tense at a time together with its signal words. Learn irregular verbs in groups, memorize three forms of each verb (present yo, preterite yo and the past participle) and practice a little every day.",true,"\u002Ftiempos-verbales\u002Fen",{"title":5,"description":2604},"tiempos-verbales\u002Fen","3DB0hLirG4mVJHy1OgarEe6ZklGu5nDBLMKJ1doeMQA",1791981050950]