[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1150},["ShallowReactive",2],{"participio-ru":3},{"id":4,"title":5,"body":6,"description":1133,"extension":1134,"meta":1135,"navigation":1145,"path":1146,"seo":1147,"stem":1148,"__hash__":1149},"content/participio/ru.md","Participio: что это и как образуется?",{"type":7,"value":8,"toc":1114},"minimark",[9,102,117,174,440,697,955,1109],[10,11,12,13,12,63],"section",{},"\n  ",[14,15,16,17,21,22,25,26,30,31,34,35,38,39,42,43,46,47,50,51,54,55,58,59,62],"p",{},"\n    ",[18,19,20],"strong",{},"Participio"," (испанское причастие) — это\n    ",[18,23,24],{},"безличная форма глагола",": в глагольном употреблении\n    (с ",[27,28,29],"em",{},"haber",") не меняется по лицу и числу и оканчивается на\n    ",[27,32,33],{},"-ado"," (глаголы на -ar) или ",[27,36,37],{},"-ido"," (глаголы на -er /\n    -ir). Это форма, необходимая для образования всех\n    ",[18,40,41],{},"сложных времён"," (",[27,44,45],{},"he hablado",", я говорил;\n    ",[27,48,49],{},"había comido",", я поел) и пассивного залога\n    (",[27,52,53],{},"es escrito por María",", написано Марией). В роли\n    прилагательного согласуется в роде и числе (",[27,56,57],{},"casa pintada",",\n    покрашенный дом; ",[27,60,61],{},"libros leídos",", прочитанные книги).\n  ",[64,65,16,66,16,74,16,81,16,88,16,95,12],"ul",{},[67,68,69,70,73],"li",{},"Сложные времена: ",[27,71,72],{},"He hablado con María"," (Я поговорил с Марией)",[67,75,76,77,80],{},"Пассив с ser: ",[27,78,79],{},"La novela es escrita por el autor"," (Роман написан автором)",[67,82,83,84,87],{},"Результат с estar: ",[27,85,86],{},"La puerta está cerrada"," (Дверь закрыта)",[67,89,90,91,94],{},"Как прилагательное: ",[27,92,93],{},"una carta escrita a mano"," (письмо, написанное от руки)",[67,96,97,98,101],{},"Абсолютная конструкция: ",[27,99,100],{},"Acabada la reunión, todos se fueron"," (Когда собрание закончилось, все ушли)",[14,103,104],{},[105,106,116],"a",{"href":107,"className":108},"/dashboard",[109,110,111,112,113,114,115],"btn","btn-primary","btn-lg","px-4","py-2","d-inline-block","mb-4","Открыть тренажер: Participio",[10,118,12,119,12,124,12,156],{},[120,121,123],"h2",{"id":122},"что-такое-participio","Что такое Participio?",[14,125,16,126,128,129,132,133,136,137,140,141,144,145,148,149,152,153,155],{},[18,127,20],{}," — одна из трёх ",[18,130,131],{},"безличных\n    форм"," испанского глагола, наряду с ",[27,134,135],{},"инфинитивом","\n    (hablar, comer, vivir) и ",[27,138,139],{},"gerundio"," (hablando, comiendo,\n    viviendo). В отличие от спрягаемых форм, participio ",[18,142,143],{},"не\n    изменяется по лицу",": ",[27,146,147],{},"hablado"," подходит для всех лиц\n    — ",[27,150,151],{},"yo, tú, él, nosotros, vosotros, ellos"," — когда\n    употребляется с ",[27,154,29],{},".\n  ",[14,157,158,159,162,163,166,167,170,171,155],{},"\n    У participio ",[18,160,161],{},"двойственная природа",": оно работает\n    как ",[27,164,165],{},"глагол"," в сложных временах и пассиве, и как\n    ",[27,168,169],{},"прилагательное",", когда определяет существительное. В роли\n    прилагательного оно согласуется в роде и числе, как любое\n    прилагательное: ",[27,172,173],{},"cerrado, cerrada, cerrados, cerradas",[10,175,12,176,12,180,12,183,12,242,12,247,12,347,12,351,12,369,12,423],{},[120,177,179],{"id":178},"как-образуется-participio","Как образуется Participio?",[14,181,182],{},"Общее правило зависит от окончания инфинитива:",[184,185,16,186,12],"div",{},[187,188,189,190,189,208,16],"table",{},"\n      ",[191,192,193,194,189],"thead",{},"\n        ",[195,196,197,198,197,202,197,205,193],"tr",{},"\n          ",[199,200,201],"th",{},"Группа",[199,203,204],{},"Окончание",[199,206,207],{},"Пример",[209,210,193,211,193,222,193,232,189],"tbody",{},[195,212,213,217,219],{},[214,215,216],"td",{},"-ar",[214,218,33],{},[214,220,221],{},"hablar → hablado (сказанный)",[195,223,224,227,229],{},[214,225,226],{},"-er",[214,228,37],{},[214,230,231],{},"comer → comido (съеденный)",[195,233,234,237,239],{},[214,235,236],{},"-ir",[214,238,37],{},[214,240,241],{},"vivir → vivido (прожитый)",[243,244,246],"h3",{"id":245},"правильные-глаголы-hablar-comer-vivir","Правильные глаголы: hablar, comer, vivir",[184,248,16,249,12],{},[187,250,189,251,189,262,16],{},[191,252,193,253,189],{},[195,254,197,255,197,258,197,260,193],{},[199,256,257],{},"Инфинитив",[199,259,20],{},[199,261,207],{},[209,263,193,264,193,277,193,291,193,305,193,319,193,333,189],{},[195,265,266,269,271],{},[214,267,268],{},"hablar",[214,270,147],{},[214,272,273,276],{},[27,274,275],{},"He hablado con tu padre"," (Я поговорил с твоим отцом)",[195,278,279,282,285],{},[214,280,281],{},"trabajar",[214,283,284],{},"trabajado",[214,286,287,290],{},[27,288,289],{},"Han trabajado mucho"," (Они много работали)",[195,292,293,296,299],{},[214,294,295],{},"comer",[214,297,298],{},"comido",[214,300,301,304],{},[27,302,303],{},"¿Has comido ya?"," (Ты уже поел?)",[195,306,307,310,313],{},[214,308,309],{},"beber",[214,311,312],{},"bebido",[214,314,315,318],{},[27,316,317],{},"Hemos bebido agua"," (Мы выпили воды)",[195,320,321,324,327],{},[214,322,323],{},"vivir",[214,325,326],{},"vivido",[214,328,329,332],{},[27,330,331],{},"He vivido en Madrid"," (Я жил в Мадриде)",[195,334,335,338,341],{},[214,336,337],{},"recibir",[214,339,340],{},"recibido",[214,342,343,346],{},[27,344,345],{},"No he recibido tu carta"," (Я не получил твоё письмо)",[243,348,350],{"id":349},"participio-с-акцентом-хиато","Participio с акцентом (хиато)",[14,352,353,354,357,358,361,362,364,365,368],{},"\n    Когда основа глагола на -er / -ir заканчивается на\n    ",[18,355,356],{},"сильную гласную"," (a, e, o), ",[27,359,360],{},"i"," в окончании\n    ",[27,363,37],{}," ставится с ",[18,366,367],{},"акцентом"," для обозначения\n    хиато (зияния):\n  ",[184,370,16,371,12],{},[187,372,189,373,189,381,16],{},[191,374,193,375,189],{},[195,376,377,379],{},[199,378,257],{},[199,380,20],{},[209,382,193,383,193,391,193,399,193,407,193,415,189],{},[195,384,385,388],{},[214,386,387],{},"leer",[214,389,390],{},"leído (прочитанный)",[195,392,393,396],{},[214,394,395],{},"creer",[214,397,398],{},"creído (поверенный)",[195,400,401,404],{},[214,402,403],{},"caer",[214,405,406],{},"caído (упавший)",[195,408,409,412],{},[214,410,411],{},"traer",[214,413,414],{},"traído (принесённый)",[195,416,417,420],{},[214,418,419],{},"oír",[214,421,422],{},"oído (услышанный)",[14,424,16,425,428,429,432,433,436,437,155],{},[18,426,427],{},"Исключение:"," если основа заканчивается на слабую\n    гласную (",[27,430,431],{},"i, u","), акцент ",[18,434,435],{},"не"," ставится:\n    ",[27,438,439],{},"huir → huido, construir → construido, destruir → destruido",[10,441,12,442,12,446,12,449],{},[120,443,445],{"id":444},"какие-неправильные-participios","Какие неправильные participios?",[14,447,448],{},"\n    У этих глаголов participio образуется не по общему правилу — их\n    нужно выучить наизусть:\n  ",[184,450,16,451,12],{},[187,452,189,453,189,464,16],{},[191,454,193,455,189],{},[195,456,197,457,197,459,197,461,193],{},[199,458,257],{},[199,460,20],{},[199,462,463],{},"Значение",[209,465,193,466,193,477,193,488,193,499,193,510,193,521,193,532,193,543,193,554,193,565,193,576,193,587,193,598,193,609,193,620,193,631,193,642,193,653,193,664,193,675,193,686,189],{},[195,467,468,471,474],{},[214,469,470],{},"abrir",[214,472,473],{},"abierto",[214,475,476],{},"открытый",[195,478,479,482,485],{},[214,480,481],{},"cubrir",[214,483,484],{},"cubierto",[214,486,487],{},"покрытый",[195,489,490,493,496],{},[214,491,492],{},"descubrir",[214,494,495],{},"descubierto",[214,497,498],{},"открытый (обнаруженный)",[195,500,501,504,507],{},[214,502,503],{},"decir",[214,505,506],{},"dicho",[214,508,509],{},"сказанный",[195,511,512,515,518],{},[214,513,514],{},"escribir",[214,516,517],{},"escrito",[214,519,520],{},"написанный",[195,522,523,526,529],{},[214,524,525],{},"describir",[214,527,528],{},"descrito",[214,530,531],{},"описанный",[195,533,534,537,540],{},[214,535,536],{},"hacer",[214,538,539],{},"hecho",[214,541,542],{},"сделанный",[195,544,545,548,551],{},[214,546,547],{},"deshacer",[214,549,550],{},"deshecho",[214,552,553],{},"отменённый",[195,555,556,559,562],{},[214,557,558],{},"morir",[214,560,561],{},"muerto",[214,563,564],{},"умерший",[195,566,567,570,573],{},[214,568,569],{},"poner",[214,571,572],{},"puesto",[214,574,575],{},"положенный",[195,577,578,581,584],{},[214,579,580],{},"suponer",[214,582,583],{},"supuesto",[214,585,586],{},"предположенный",[195,588,589,592,595],{},[214,590,591],{},"componer",[214,593,594],{},"compuesto",[214,596,597],{},"составленный",[195,599,600,603,606],{},[214,601,602],{},"disponer",[214,604,605],{},"dispuesto",[214,607,608],{},"расположенный",[195,610,611,614,617],{},[214,612,613],{},"resolver",[214,615,616],{},"resuelto",[214,618,619],{},"решённый",[195,621,622,625,628],{},[214,623,624],{},"romper",[214,626,627],{},"roto",[214,629,630],{},"сломанный",[195,632,633,636,639],{},[214,634,635],{},"ver",[214,637,638],{},"visto",[214,640,641],{},"увиденный",[195,643,644,647,650],{},[214,645,646],{},"volver",[214,648,649],{},"vuelto",[214,651,652],{},"вернувшийся",[195,654,655,658,661],{},[214,656,657],{},"devolver",[214,659,660],{},"devuelto",[214,662,663],{},"возвращённый",[195,665,666,669,672],{},[214,667,668],{},"envolver",[214,670,671],{},"envuelto",[214,673,674],{},"завёрнутый",[195,676,677,680,683],{},[214,678,679],{},"freír",[214,681,682],{},"frito",[214,684,685],{},"жареный",[195,687,688,691,694],{},[214,689,690],{},"imprimir",[214,692,693],{},"impreso",[214,695,696],{},"напечатанный",[10,698,12,699,12,703,12,706,12,710,12,721,12,786,12,790,12,805,12,836,12,840,12,850,12,878,12,882,12,888,12,920,12,924,12,927],{},[120,700,702],{"id":701},"когда-используется-participio","Когда используется Participio?",[14,704,705],{},"У participio пять основных употреблений:",[243,707,709],{"id":708},"_1-сложные-времена-haber-participio","1. Сложные времена (haber + participio)",[14,711,712,713,716,717,720],{},"\n    Самое частое использование: ",[27,714,715],{},"haber + participio"," образует\n    все сложные времена. Participio ",[18,718,719],{},"не меняется"," (всегда\n    мужской род единственное число):\n  ",[64,722,16,723,16,732,16,742,16,753,16,764,16,775,12],{},[67,724,725,726,73],{},"Pretérito perfecto: ",[27,727,728,729,731],{},"He ",[18,730,147],{}," con María",[67,733,734,735,741],{},"Pluscuamperfecto: ",[27,736,737,738,740],{},"Había ",[18,739,298],{}," antes de llegar"," (Я поел до прихода)",[67,743,744,745,752],{},"Futuro perfecto: ",[27,746,747,748,751],{},"Habré ",[18,749,750],{},"terminado"," mañana"," (Я закончу к завтра)",[67,754,755,756,763],{},"Condicional compuesto: ",[27,757,758,759,762],{},"Habría ",[18,760,761],{},"ido"," contigo"," (Я бы пошёл с тобой)",[67,765,766,767,774],{},"Perfecto de subjuntivo: ",[27,768,769,770,773],{},"Espero que hayas ",[18,771,772],{},"llegado"," bien"," (Надеюсь, ты благополучно добрался)",[67,776,777,778,785],{},"Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo: ",[27,779,780,781,784],{},"Si hubiera ",[18,782,783],{},"sabido","…"," (Если бы я знал…)",[243,787,789],{"id":788},"_2-пассивный-залог-ser-participio","2. Пассивный залог (ser + participio)",[14,791,792,793,796,797,800,801,804],{},"\n    С ",[27,794,795],{},"ser"," participio образует ",[18,798,799],{},"пассив действия",".\n    Здесь participio ",[18,802,803],{},"согласуется"," с подлежащим в роде и\n    числе:\n  ",[64,806,16,807,16,816,16,826,12],{},[67,808,809,80],{},[27,810,811,812,815],{},"La novela ",[18,813,814],{},"es escrita"," por el autor",[67,817,818,825],{},[27,819,820,821,824],{},"Los libros ",[18,822,823],{},"son leídos"," en clase"," (Книги читаются в классе)",[67,827,828,835],{},[27,829,830,831,834],{},"Las cartas ",[18,832,833],{},"fueron enviadas"," ayer"," (Письма были отправлены вчера)",[243,837,839],{"id":838},"_3-результативный-пассив-estar-participio","3. Результативный пассив (estar + participio)",[14,841,792,842,845,846,849],{},[27,843,844],{},"estar"," participio выражает ",[18,847,848],{},"результат или\n    состояние",". Также согласуется в роде и числе:\n  ",[64,851,16,852,16,860,16,869,12],{},[67,853,854,87],{},[27,855,856,857],{},"La puerta ",[18,858,859],{},"está cerrada",[67,861,862,868],{},[27,863,864,865],{},"Los platos ",[18,866,867],{},"están lavados"," (Посуда вымыта)",[67,870,871,877],{},[27,872,873,874],{},"Las ventanas ",[18,875,876],{},"están abiertas"," (Окна открыты)",[243,879,881],{"id":880},"_4-как-прилагательное","4. Как прилагательное",[14,883,884,885,887],{},"\n    Participio может функционировать как обычное прилагательное и\n    ",[18,886,803],{}," с существительным:\n  ",[64,889,16,890,16,900,16,910,12],{},[67,891,892,899],{},[27,893,894,895,898],{},"una casa ",[18,896,897],{},"pintada"," de blanco"," (дом, покрашенный в белый)",[67,901,902,909],{},[27,903,904,905,908],{},"los libros ",[18,906,907],{},"leídos"," el año pasado"," (книги, прочитанные в прошлом году)",[67,911,912,919],{},[27,913,914,915,918],{},"las cartas ",[18,916,917],{},"escritas"," a mano"," (письма, написанные от руки)",[243,921,923],{"id":922},"_5-абсолютные-конструкции","5. Абсолютные конструкции",[14,925,926],{},"\n    Participio может вводить абсолютные обороты, выражающие время,\n    причину или обстоятельство:\n  ",[64,928,16,929,16,937,16,946,12],{},[67,930,931,101],{},[27,932,933,936],{},[18,934,935],{},"Acabada"," la reunión, todos se fueron",[67,938,939,945],{},[27,940,941,944],{},[18,942,943],{},"Cerrada"," la puerta, nadie podía entrar"," (Когда дверь была закрыта, никто не мог войти)",[67,947,948,954],{},[27,949,950,953],{},[18,951,952],{},"Dicho"," esto, me voy"," (Сказав это, я ухожу)",[10,956,12,957,12,961,12,964,12,1041,12,1063],{},[120,958,960],{"id":959},"как-различать-participio-прилагательное-и-participio-глагол","Как различать participio-прилагательное и participio-глагол?",[14,962,963],{},"\n    Важно отличать эти два употребления, потому что согласование\n    разное:\n  ",[184,965,16,966,12],{},[187,967,189,968,189,980,16],{},[191,969,193,970,189],{},[195,971,197,972,197,975,197,978,193],{},[199,973,974],{},"Употребление",[199,976,977],{},"Согласуется?",[199,979,207],{},[209,981,193,982,193,999,193,1014,193,1028,189],{},[195,983,984,987,990],{},[214,985,986],{},"С haber (глагольное)",[214,988,989],{},"НЕТ",[214,991,992,998],{},[27,993,994,995,997],{},"Hemos ",[18,996,517],{}," tres cartas"," (Мы написали три письма)",[195,1000,1001,1004,1007],{},[214,1002,1003],{},"С ser (пассив)",[214,1005,1006],{},"ДА",[214,1008,1009],{},[27,1010,1011,1012],{},"Las cartas son ",[18,1013,917],{},[195,1015,1016,1019,1021],{},[214,1017,1018],{},"С estar (результат)",[214,1020,1006],{},[214,1022,1023],{},[27,1024,1025,1026],{},"Las cartas están ",[18,1027,917],{},[195,1029,1030,1033,1035],{},[214,1031,1032],{},"Прилагательное",[214,1034,1006],{},[214,1036,1037],{},[27,1038,914,1039,918],{},[18,1040,917],{},[14,1042,16,1043,1046,1047,1049,1050,1052,1053,1055,1056,1059,1060,155],{},[18,1044,1045],{},"Внимание:"," participio ",[18,1048,435],{}," используется\n    с ",[27,1051,844],{}," для образования прогрессива. Для «я говорю» нужен\n    ",[27,1054,139],{},", а не participio: ",[27,1057,1058],{},"estoy hablando",", не\n    ",[27,1061,1062],{},"estoy hablado",[14,1064,1065,1066,42,1069,1071,1072,1075,1076,1071,1079,42,1082,1071,1085,42,1088,1071,1091,42,1094,1097,1098,1075,1101,1104,1105,1108],{},"\n    Participio встречается во многих других временах: ",[27,1067,1068],{},"Pretérito\n    perfecto",[27,1070,45],{},"), ",[27,1073,1074],{},"Pluscuamperfecto","\n    (",[27,1077,1078],{},"había hablado",[27,1080,1081],{},"Futuro perfecto",[27,1083,1084],{},"habré\n    hablado",[27,1086,1087],{},"Condicional compuesto",[27,1089,1090],{},"habría\n    hablado",[27,1092,1093],{},"Perfecto de subjuntivo",[27,1095,1096],{},"haya\n    hablado",") и ",[27,1099,1100],{},"Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo",[27,1102,1103],{},"hubiera hablado","). Другая безличная форма — это\n    ",[27,1106,1107],{},"Gerundio"," (hablando, comiendo, viviendo).\n  ",[14,1110,1111],{},[105,1112,116],{"href":107,"className":1113},[109,110,111,112,113,114,115],{"title":1115,"searchDepth":1116,"depth":1116,"links":1117},"",2,[1118,1119,1124,1125,1132],{"id":122,"depth":1116,"text":123},{"id":178,"depth":1116,"text":179,"children":1120},[1121,1123],{"id":245,"depth":1122,"text":246},3,{"id":349,"depth":1122,"text":350},{"id":444,"depth":1116,"text":445},{"id":701,"depth":1116,"text":702,"children":1126},[1127,1128,1129,1130,1131],{"id":708,"depth":1122,"text":709},{"id":788,"depth":1122,"text":789},{"id":838,"depth":1122,"text":839},{"id":880,"depth":1122,"text":881},{"id":922,"depth":1122,"text":923},{"id":959,"depth":1116,"text":960},"Изучите испанский Participio (причастие): безличная форма глагола (-ado, -ido). Правила, неправильные причастия, употребление с haber, ser и estar.","md",{"keywords":1136},[20,1137,1138,1139,1140,1141,1142,1143,1144],"испанское причастие","Participio español","безличные формы глагола","hablado comido vivido","haber participio","abierto escrito hecho visto","неправильные испанские причастия","практика participio",true,"/participio/ru",{"title":5,"description":1133},"participio/ru","3fT_FP5ZbehWtHtit4Og6hGYtyulueY6xjzmab0vxBA",1780262142976]